A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review Essay

Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) is a native take to the woodsering or weed that is endemic in the Philippines and other tropical countries. It is a popular herb especi on the w mountainy for its mend properties including antidiarrhetic, antigastralgic, expectorant, stomachic, and antispasmodic, among others. Aside from these, sambong is withal popular for being emmenagogues, or for stimulating stop or the blood flow in the pelvic atomic turn of events 18a and womb. As cure for menstrual cramps, the sambong leaves ar stewed to create a sambong tea, which is be induce consumed by the patient. Aside from easing the painful cramps by facilitating menstruation, sambong also inspection and repairs in cleaning the kidneys. The industrial botany is actually especially cognize as a earthy cleansing herb. Since the localize is emmenagogues, deglutition the sambong tea is non better(p wildicate) to pregnant women as easy as women who wanted to be pregnant. Moreover, drinking sambong should also be regulated beca occasion it also has hallucinogenic final result when likewise consumed Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (Asteraceae), also cognize as sambong, has been employ as treat for thousands of old age in reciprocal ohmeast Asia countries, such as China, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Philippines. Sambong is the intimately pregnant phallus of the genus Blumea and is an indigenous herb oftropical and subtropical Asia, especially in China.This countersink grows on forest edges, under forests, riverbeds, valleys and scabes 4,5. In China, it is generally a crude employ herb in the atomic number 18as south of theYangtze River, such as Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Guangdong provinces and Taiwan 68.B. balsamifera is ordinarily called Ainaxiang and Dafengai in Chinese and utilise as incensebeca physical exercise it has a gritty up level of congenital aneles 9. It was originally recorded in Bei Ji Qian Jin YaoFang in 652 by Sun Simiao. The who le make or its leaves were employ as a flagrant Chinese tralatitious medicinal material to report eczema, dermatitis, beriberi, lumbago, menorrhagia, rheumatism, jumble flaw, and as an insecticide 10. Bing Pian and Aipian be two important traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) haul uped from fructifys and need been employ as unmatchable in prescriptions for centuries in China. two(prenominal) of them in general arrest borneol and ar similar in efficacy 11. They ar synonymous in the Chinesepharmaceutical industry nowadays. Before 2010, sambong was one of the most important plant sources for Bing Pian, nevertheless since 2010, the Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples commonwealth of China records B. balsamifera as the only plant source for Aipian 11, with a agreeable efficacy with B.balsamifera medicinal materials, which could induce resuscitation, clear heat, and relieve pain.Recently, plucks of its leaves hold been substantiate do display mingled stark naked physiolo gical activities, such as antitumor , antifungal 13,15, root word-scavenging 16, and anti-obesity properties . The master(prenominal) active entangled is L-borneol, which was characterized by a high volatility. Besides, necessity oils, flavonoids, and terpenoids with some(prenominal) unalike biological activities were also report . These studies could explain why this plant has multiple pharmacological cause. In this review, botanic descriptions, herbal authentications, and phytochemical constituents of B. balsamifera be covered. In addition, the previous in vitro and in vivo studies conducted on its biological activities atomic number 18 reviewed, concent dopeing on antitumor, hepatoprotective, superoxide anion nucleotide scavenging, antioxidant, healthful, anti-inflammation, antiplasmodial, antityrosinase, platelet aggregation, appal ameliorate, anti-obesity, disease and insect resistant activities as well as enhancing percutaneous penetration.Sambong is a half wood y, strongly aromatic shrub, densely and softly hairy, 1 to 4 meters high. Stems grow up to 2.5 centimeters in diameter. Leaves ar simple, alternate, elliptic- to oblong-lanceolate, 7 to 20 centimeters long, toothed at the margins, pointed or blunt at the tip, narrowing to a short petiole which argon often auricled or appendaged. Flowering heads ar stalked, yellow and numerous, 6 to 7 millimeters long, and borne on branches of a terminal, spreading or pyramidal flickery panicle. Discoid flowers argon of two types peripheral ones tiny, to a greater extent numerous, with tubular corolla central flowers few, large with campanulate corolla. Involucral bracts ar young, narrow and hairy. Anther kioskular telephoneular phones tail at base. Fruits atomic number 18 achenes, dry, 1-seeded, 10-ribbed, hairy at top. Considered anthelmintic, anti profligacyl, antigastralgic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, stomachic, and vulnerary.Leaves apply a flav orer ingredient.Folkloric Leaves as stick on for abscesses. Decoction of root and leaves for fevers, kidney stones, and cystitis. Decoction of leaves utilise to induced diuresis for purpose of treating kidney stones. Sitz-bath of boiled leaves, vitamin D gms to a gallon of piddle, for rheumatic pains of waist and back. utilise in upper and lower respiratory tract affections like sinusitis, wheezing bronchitis, influenza. Applied era hot over the sinuses. Used for wounds and cuts. Fresh succus of leaves to wounds and cuts. Poultice of leaves use to the forehead for relief of headaches. Tea is utilise for colds and as an expectorant likewise, has antispasmodic and antidiarrheal gathers. Postpartum baths. In Vietnam, decoction of fresh leaves use for cough and influenza or as inhalation of vapour from stewing of leaves. Poultices of pounded leaves applied to hemorrhoids an alcoholic maceration use as liniment for rheumatism. 3% ethanol solution employ to soothe itching. In Thailand, desiccate leaves are chopped, do into cigarettes and smoked for treating sinusitis. For fever, leaves boiled and when lukewarm use as brush bath. Decoction of roots utilize for fever. Decoction of leaves, 50 gms to a pint of boiling water, 4 glasses daily, for stomach pains. In SE Asia liberally employ for various women problems. Postpartum, leaves are used in hot fomentation over the uterus to induce rapid involution. Also used for menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, functional uterine eject and leucorrhea. Roots used for menorrhagia. Decoction of roots and leaves used for rheumatism and arthritis also used for give-and-take of post-partum joint pains. Poultice of fresh leaves applied to affected joint. In Chinese and Thai medicine, leaves used for treatment of septic wounds and other infections. A sitz-bath of boiled leaves used in the treatment of lumbago and sciatica. In Chinese medicine, used as carminative, stimulant, vermifuge, expectorant, and sudorific.Preparatio ns Fever decoction of roots boil 2 4 handfuls of the leaves. Use the lukewarm decoction as a sponge bath. head upaches apply pounded leaves on the forehead and temples. Hold in place with a clean scrap of cloth. Gas distention boil 2 tsp of the chopped leaves in 1 cup of water for 5 minutes. Drink the decoction while warm. Also used for upset stomach. Postpartum, for mothers bath after childbirth. Boils Apply pounded leaves as poultice daily. diuretic drug Boil 2 tbsp chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. Take 1/2 of the decoction after every meal, 3 times a day. Reference Am J Chin Med. 200836(2)411-24. international Journal of Applied Science and Engineering . 2005. 3, 3 195-2023. Biological Activities3.1. antitumour actHasegawa et al. draw ined a dihydroflavonol from B. balsamifera as a result of screening among to a greater extent than 150 plant materials 12. The dihydroflavonol components showed the most signifi abidet synergism with tumor related to apop tosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). It enhanced the level of TRAIL-R2 promoter military action and promoted the convention of surface protein in a p53-independent manner. The ethanol leave out of B. balsamifera leaves was tested on male mice to investigate its hepatoxicity. The results exhibited that the hepatic cells, sitplasm, nucleus, and sinusoid of the mice liver were damaged by several(prenominal) changes in the liver color and texture . The methanol back off of B. balsamifera contain the ontogeny in rat and showed no cytotoxicity on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The methanol buy food decreased the expression of cyclin-E and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein resulting in cell turn arrest.Likewise, it decreased the level of the proliferation related ligand (APRIL) 60,61. Moreover, the methanol raise of B. balsamifera was used to square off its cytotoxicity on a panel of human plundercer cell stage businesss by MTT assay. There was no regular or acu te cytotoxicity on the cells of HepG2, HCT-116, T-47D, NCl-H23 and CCD-18Co 62. Saewan et al. entrap six compounds out of nine dislocated flavonoids to devour cytotoxicity against KB, MCF-7, and NCI-H187 messcer cell lines 14. These six compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against KB,MCF-7, and NCI-H187 cancer cell lines. Three compounds were active against the KB cells with the IC50 set of 17.09, 47.72, and 17.83 g/mL, individually. Another terce compounds exhibited a mode place bodily function against the NCI-H187 cells with the IC50 set of 16.29, 29.97, and 20.59 g/mL. Luteolin-7-methyl ether showed a strong cytotoxicity against human lung cancer (NCI-H187) cell lines with an IC50 of 1.29 g/mL and a moderate toxicity against oral infernal region cancer (KB) cell lines with an IC50 of 17.83 g/mL.Li et al. studied the antitumor act refractory by means of 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay 13. The three endophytic streptomycetes strai ns of B. balsamifera, including YIM 56092, YIM 56093, and YIM 56099 exhibited anticancer occupation. Yet, incompatible strains displayed contrary antitumor activities. The YIM 56092 strain displayed a cytotoxic activity on polyketide synthases I (PKS-I) nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and P388D1. The YIM 56093 strain displayed a cytotoxic activity on PKS-, NRPS, and P388D1. The YIM 56099 was on the PKS-I, PKS-II, and NRPS. Fuijimoto et al., take outed blumealactone A, B, and C from sambongs dried leaves and rear them could subordinate the ontogenesis of Yoshida sarcoma at the soaking up of 510 g/ml 54. downwind disclosed a medication combination including sambong (Ainaxiang) and launch it could enhance the dexterity of curing hepatoma and pancreatic cancer treatments 63. Molecules 2014, 19 94623.5. Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammation ActivityOngsakul et al. claimed that the crude sedimentary and ethanolic extracts of B. balsamifera displayed no operative antiba cterial activity against the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli 73. However, the blemish of B. balsamifera, including YIM 56092 and YIM 56093, displayed a significant activity against S. epidermidis, such that YIM 56099 was active against E. coli. There seems to be no antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Candida albicans 13.subgenus Chenisolated twelve new compounds 9, four of which displayed repressive activities against LPS-induced NO payoff in RAW 264.7 with the IC50 time determine of 40.06, 46.35, 57.80, and 59.44 g/mL, respectively. Sakee et al. describe the essential oil of B. balsamifera to apply a minimum inhibitory engrossment (MIC) of 150 g/mL and 1.2 mg/mL against Bacillus cereus, S. aureus and Candidaalbicans, respectively 74. Furtherto a greater extent, the hexane extract inhibited Enterobacter cloacae and S. aureus. These results suggested that the extracts of B. balsamifera possessed an activity against certain cordials of infectious and toxin-producing microorganisms. It could potentially be utilized to prevent and treat microbial diseases. 3.6. Antiplasmodial ActivitiesAccording to the traditional efficacy of relieving fever, the methanol extract of B. balsamifera from Forest Research Institute Malaysia was investigated for each potential antiplasmodial activity. The extracts of roots and stems exhibited nearly activity against Plasmodium falciparum D10 strain (sensitive strain) with an IC50 value of (26.25 2.47) g/mL and (7.75 0.35) g/mL, respectively 75.3.8. Platelet Aggregation ActivitiesThe ducking of 1.26 mol/L blumeatin displayed a significant promoting activity on the rat and human platelet aggregation caused by arachidonic biting, 5-hydotypamice, and epinephrine. However, concentrations of 0.315 and 2.52 mol/L inhibited platelet aggregation. It suggested that the notion of blumeatin on the platelet aggregation were dependent upon the concentration used. The injection of B. balsamifera extracts decreased the blood press, expanded the blood vessels, and inhibited the humane nervous system in mark to address the high pressure and insomnia. The infusion of the plant also had the function of diuresis 67Mayana (Coeus blumei Benth.) beam nettle leaves are normally known as ati-ati leaves in Malaysia. Previous interpret has shown that the Coleus leaves adopt high antioxidant activity and nutritionary value. The present work is to investigate whether antioxidant, minerals and phenoplast depicted object can be extracted by boiling the leaves in water. The antioxidant was determined by mixing the extract solution with DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) solution using different ratios. Acid ascorbic acid was used as standard in metre by Uv-Vis Spectrophotometer.Phenolic mental ability was measured by Uv-Vis Spectrophotometer using Gallic acid as standard. There is about 40.77 wt % of antioxidantactivity, 6.256998 wt% of total phenoplast content, an d some minerals (magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc) existing in solution after the Coleus blumei leaves were removed. The wt% of the phenolic resin resin resin resin resin content is directly proportional to the wt% of antioxidant activity. The mineral concentration, antioxidant activity and phenolic content seemed to be highly correlated. As a conclusion, it is proven that the Coleus blumei leaves have high potential value for the nutritional purpose.2.1 Definition of ColeusColeus is a chance on which derives from an earlier classification under the genus name Coleus, species of which are currently included in either Solenostemon or other genus, Plectranthus. The word Coleus come from the Greek koleus, meaning sheath. It is believed that there are 150 species of Coleus .It is a genus of perennial plants, native to tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, the eastern Indies, the Malay Archipelago, and the Philippines. Many cultivars of the Southeast Asian species Coleus have bee n selected for their coloured variegated leaves, unremarkably with sharp contrast between the colors where the leaves are green, pink, yellow, maroon, and red. Typically, in Malaysia this plant known as ati-ati. The plants need a well condition of in moist-drained soil to grow, and typically grow 0.5-1 m tall, though some may grow as tall as 2 meters.They are heat-tolerant, though they do less well in plenteous sun in subtropical areas than in the shade. The leaves of the green type are often eaten raw with bread and butter. The chopped leaves are also used as a substitute for sage (Salvia officinalis Linn.) in stuffing. C. aromaticus is used for seasoning meat dishes and in food products (Uphof, 1959) while a decoction of its leaves is administered in cases of inveterate cough and asthma (CSIR, 1992). It is considered to be an antispasmodic, stimulant and stomachic and is used for the treatment of headache, fever, epilepsy and dyspepsia (Khory &Katrak, 1999 Morton, 1992). 2.2 An tioxidantAn antioxidant in food is really important as it can protect human body from free extremists activity. It is also has fitted of slowness or preventing the oxidation of other scintillas. When electrons are transferred form a message to an oxidizing operator, it called as oxidation reaction. Free innates can be get tod during the Oxidation reactions, where the kickoffchain reactions that damage cells. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves. As a result, antioxidants are often reduce agents such as thiols or polyphenols. Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can also be alter hence, plants and animals maintain labyrinthian systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases. offset levels of antioxidants, or prohibitio n era of the antioxidant enzymes, causes oxidative stress and may damage or kill cells. As oxidative stress might be an important part of some(prenominal) human diseases, the use of antioxidants in pharmacology is intensively studied, particularly as treatments for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.However, it is unknown whether oxidative stress is the cause or the consequence of disease. Antioxidants are also widely used as ingredients in dietary supplements in the hope of maintaining wellness and preventing diseases such as cancer and coronary perfume disease. Although some studies have suggested antioxidant supplements have health benefits, other large clinical trials did not detect any benefit for the formulations tested, and excess supplementation may be harmful In addition to these uses in medicine, antioxidants have many industrial uses, such as preservatives in food and ornamentals and preventing the degradation of rubber and gasoline. Current research into free radi cals has substantiate that foods rich in antioxidants play an essential role in the ginmill of cardiovascular diseases and cancers. As far as our literature survey could ascertain, antioxidant activities of this plant have not previously been published. Hence, the previous work investigated the realizable antioxidative effects of freeze-dried powder obtained from sedimentary extract of fresh leaves of C. aromaticus.In this study, they had examined the antioxidant activity of CAE (C.aromaticus hydroalcoholic extract) employing various in vitro assay systems, such as the - carotene-linoleate model system, DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl)/superoxide/ nitric oxide radical scavenging, reducing power and iron ion chelation, in redact to understand the usefulness of this plant as a foodstuff as well as in medicine. 2.2.1 Antioxidant Assay using a -carotene-linoleate precedent System On the previous experiment, the antioxidant activity of the extract was measured by the bleaching of-carotene. By adding CAE and BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene) at various concentrations, it can prevent the bleaching of -carotene to different degrees. -Carotene in this model system undergoes rapid discoloration in the absence of an antioxidant. This is because of the linked oxidation of -carotene and linoleic acid, which generates free radicals.The linoleic acid free radical, organise upon the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from one of its diallylic methylene groups, which attacks the highly unsaturated -carotene molecules. As a result, -carotene will be oxidized and broken down in part subsequently, the system looses its chromophore and characteristic orange colour, which can be monitored spectrophotometrically. The nominal head of different antioxidants can hinder the extent of -carotene bleaching by neutralizing the linoleate free radical and other free radicals formed in the system (Jayaprakasha, Singh, & Sakariah, 2001).It also showed that the CAE was found to hinder the extent of -carotene bleaching by neutralizing the linoleate-free radical and other free radicals formed in the system. In comparison, the CAE showed an appreciable antioxidant activity of 83.0% at 250 g/ml, while BHT, a synthetic antioxidant had 89.6% antioxidant activity at 100 g/ml. postpone 2.1 Antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of C. aromaticus in -carotenelinoleate System Sample submergence (g/ml) Antioxidant activity (%) Aqueous extract 125 53.2 1.04250 83.0 1.33 d 91.3 1.41BHT 50 64.2 1.81100 89.6 1.52200 95.3 1.332.2.2 DPPH Radical-scavenging ActivityThe CAE showed a concentration-dependent antiradical activity by inhibiting DPPH radical with an EC50 value of 210 g/ml (Table 2). DPPH is usually used as a substrate to evaluate antioxidative activity of antioxidants (Oyaizu, 1986). The method is based on the step-down of methanolic DPPH solution in the strawman of a hydrogen donating antioxidant, collectible to the organic law of the non-radical form DPPH-H by the reaction. The extract was able to reduce the stable radical DPPH to the yellow-coloured diphenylpicrylhydrazine. It hasbeen found that cysteine, glutathione, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, polyhydroxy aromatic compounds (e.g., hydroquinone, pyrogallol, gallic acid), and aromatic amines (e.g., p-phenylene diamine, p aminophenol), reduce and bleach out 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl by their hydrogen donating ability (Blois,Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) poison arrow plant (rgn) key, name for several herbs used for flavoring food.A plant of the family Labiatae (mint family),Origanum vulgare, also called Spanish thyme and wild marjoram, is the usual source for the gaminess sold as hop marjoram in the Mediterranean countries and in the get together States. Its flavor is similar to that of marjoram but slightly less sweet. In Spain and Italy many other Origanum species are also grown as oregano. A related herb ( Coleus amboinicius ) of the same family, called suganda in its native In domalaysia, is known as oregano in the Philippines and Mexico, where it is a popular flavoring. Several other herbs also provide spices called oregano, e.g., species ofLippia and Lantana of the verbena family. In all cases the flavoring is make from the dried herbage. Oregano is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Lamiales, family Labiatae .All rights reserved. genus Origanum is a member of the Lamiaceae family and has a complex taxonomy 1. O. vulgare plays a primary role among culinary herbs in world administer 2. It is distributed all over Europe, West and Central Asia up to Taiwan 3. The use of O. vulgare as medicinal plant is believed to be repayable to biological properties of p-cymene and carvacrol. capital of Switzerlandth 4 has noted that there are intras- pecific taxa of oregano having no oregano character that is based on the presence of carvacrol. Oregano is the common name for a general aroma and flavour primarily derived from more tha n than 60 plant species used all over the world as a spice 5. Four main groups of plants com- monly used for culinary purposes can be distinguished, i.e., Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) Spanish origano (Coridohymus capitatus (L.) 2 Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) and Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens HBK 6.Origano is the commercial name of those Origanum species that are rich in the phenolicmonoterpenoids, mainly carvacrol and occasionally thymol 7. A number of chemically related compounds i.e. p-cymene -terpinene, carvacrol methyl ethers, thymol methyl ethers, carvacrol acetates and thymol acetates as well as p-cymenene, p-cy- men-8-ol, p-cymen-7-ol, thymoquinone, and thymohy- droquinone are present in the oil of Origanum vulgare which is extremely rich in essential oils (up to 7%) with carvacrol as a major constituent present in very high quantity (75% 95%), followed by p-cymene (4% 14%) and -terpinene (1% 10%). It seems possible that the us es of the plant in traditional medicine can be attributed to the known biological properties of p-cymene and car- vacrol 8. Many of the studies body forthed the medicinal effects of oregano for human health. The Origanum spe- cies, which are rich in essential oils, have been used for thousands of years as spices and as local medicines in traditional medicine 9.About 20 European reality in- stitutions hold genetic resources of different species of oregano 10. Marjoram (Origanum vulgare L.) is one of medicinal aromatic plants found sell almost in all areas of Albania, which is a perennial plant usually grows in dry area in smaller groups. Oregano plants are collect- ed from natural habitats and used as raw materials in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry 11. But many countries start to cultivate it in different areas. In botanical aspects, the oregano populations differ from one to another, that is they change depending on the content and composition of essential oils 12. From the quantity and quality of essential oils the values of this plant were determined 11,12. The different results showed that the effects of oregano antioxidante are associated with high content of essential oils, thymol and carvacrols, and these are the main ingredients in oregano oil. The con- tents of Thymol and Carvacrol in oregano give it differ- ent properties 13. According to the studies, carvacrol is a powerful bactericidal agent, and provides protection against mold and other common bacteria. The main ob- jective in our study was to investigate the different re- gions and to find the variate for oil content in oregano plant populations. The research expedition was organised in 2012 in the whole territory of Albania. During this expedition are set and collected 62 accessions.At each location were taken of the 50 samples which derived a main rep- resentativ sample. From the total samples collected, were selected 16 samples mostly widespread of natural popu- lations ofo rigano (Origanum vulgare L. sp. vulgare and sp. hirtum). Those samples you perform analyzes for content of oils and their components. The confirmation of 53 essential oil was make to analyses -Pinene, p- Cymene, -Terpinene, Linalool, Terpinene-4-ol, Thymol, Carvacrol dhe Caryophyllene oxide. The overground parts of the flowering plants (20 25 cm from the top) were collected during the summer of 2012. The plant material was air dried, packed in paper bags and kept in a dark and settle down place until analysis. Plant identity was affirm and voucher specimens were deposited at the Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Skopje.2.2. Essential Oil closing offEssential oil isolation from oregano was performed by hydro distillation in all-glass Clevenger apparatus fol- lowing this procedure 20 g of the plant material was stored in 500 mL flask where 250 mL of water R was used as distillation liquid and 0.5 mL of xylene R was added in the graduate tube. The Distillation was per - formed for 2.5 h with a rate of 2 3 mL/min. GC and GC-MS analyses Agilent 7890 Gas Chro- matography system equipped with flame ionization de- tector (FID) and Agilent 5975C Mass Quadrupole detec- tor as well as capillary flow technology which enable simultaneous analysis of the sample on both detectors. HP-5 ms (30 m 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 m) cap- illary column was used. Operating conditions were as follows GC Method for essential oils oven temperature 60C (0 min), 3C/min to 240C (held for 1 min) and 10C/min to 280C (held for 1 min) atomic number 2 as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min injector T = 220C and FID T = 270C. 1 L of injection volume was injected at snap off ratio 11.The aggregative spectrometry conditions were ionization voltage 70 eV, ion source temperature 230C, transfer line temperature 280C and mass range from 50 500 Da. The MS was operated in scan mode. GC Method for Head Space oven temperature 60C, 20C/min to 280C helium as carrier gas at a flow r ate of 1 mL/min injector T = 260C and FID T = 270C. constant of gravitation L of injec- tion volume was injected at split ratio 11. The mass spectrometry conditions were ionization voltage 70 eV, ion source temperature 230C, transfer line temperature 280C and mass range from 50 500 Da. The MS was operated in scan mode. Head Space method brooding Temperature 80C, Incubation Time 5.00 mss, Syringe Temperature 85C, Agitator Speed 500 rpm, Fill Speed 500 l/s, Pullup Delay 500 ms, butt in to GC, Injection speed 500 l/s, PreInject Delay 500 ms, Post Inject De- lay 500 ms, Flush Time (mss) 010, GC Run time (mss) 1000.Identification of the components Identification of the components was do by comparing mass spectra of components in essential oils with those from Nist, Wiley and Adams mass spectra libraries, by AMDIS (Auto- mated Mass Spectral Deconvolution and Identification System) and by comparing literature and estimated Ko-vats (retention) indices that were determined using mix-ture of homologous series of normal alkanes from C9 to C25 in hexane, under the same above mentioned condi- tions. The percentage ratio of the components was com- puted by the calibration method of the GC/FID peak areas and average values were taken into upgrade consid- eration (n = 3).2.3. Statistical AnalysesAll statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software (version 15.0, SPSS) 14. Means values and variation coefficients were used in the statistical analyses. Effects of the studied traits were evaluated by ANOVA. In order to assess the differentiation of plants of oregano based on all variables that were measured, the Canonical Discriminate Analyses (CDA) was appliedgenus Psidium guajava ( strawberry true guava bush)Chronic degenerative diseases have reached epidemic proportions in industrialized and developing countries. Many studies have shown that plant can be helpful to prevent or treat diseases. Psidium guajava is a small medicinal tree that is native to South t he States and Brazil is among the worlds top producers and most of the countrys production is destined for the food industry. It is popularly known as strawberry guava bush and has been used traditionally as a medicinal plant end-to-end the world for a number of ailments. The aim of this review is to present some chemical compounds in P. guajava and their pharmacological effects. The main constituents of guava leaves are phenolic compounds, isoflavonoids, gallic acid, catechin, epicathechin, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol. The pulp is rich in ascorbic acid, carotenoids (lycopene, -carotene and -cryptoxanthin).The seeds,skin and mouths possess glycosids, carotenoids and phenolic compounds. All parts of the plant have been used for different purposes hepatoprotection, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-hyperglycemic, moderating, endothelial progenitor cells, anti-stomachache and anti-diarrhea. P. guajava has many effects on health and t hat it should be researched more extensively in clinical trials. Furthermore leaves, seeds and shin are case-hardened as wastes by the food processing industry and are discarded, so their use may reduce the disposal of these parts of guava as pollutants.Psidium guajava Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Cancer Diabetes DyslipidemiaIndustrialization has led to many passs in the lifestyle of the worlds populations, giving rise to increase the indices of several diseases, including chronic degenerative diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases, reducing the quality of life and increasing costs on hospitalizations, medications and other public health interventions.Studies have demonstrated that the consumption of fruits, vegetables and seeds can be helpful to prevent the risk factors of many diseases due to the bioactive compounds. Many plants have been used for the purpose of reducing risk factors associated with the occurrence of chronic disorders and for many other purposesPsidium guajava L. is a small medicinal tree that is native to South America. It is popularly known as guava (family Myrtaceae) and has been used traditionally as a medicinal plant doneout the world for a number of ailments. There are two most common varieties of guava the red (P. guajava var. pomifera) and the white (P. guajava var. pyrifera)All parts of this tree, including fruits, leaves, bark, and roots, have beenused for treating stomachache and diarrhea in many countries. Leaves, pulp and seeds are used to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, and as an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, as a cough sedative, anti-diarrheic, in the counsel of hypertension, obesity and in the control of diabetes mellitus. It also possesses anticancer properties . The seeds are used as antimicrobial, gastrointestinal, anti-allergic and anticarcinogenic activity.Brazil is among the worlds top producers of guava and most o f the countrys production is destined for the food industry to produce candies, juices, jams and frozen pulp. As result of the fruit process there is a discard of the leaves, seeds, part of the peel and pulp fraction not scattered in the physical depulping process.The high cost of pharmaceutical medications conduces to the search for utility(a) medicines to treat many ailments. In view of this, studies are necessary to confirm the effects of medicinal plants. The aim of this review is to show that several studies have demonstrated the presence of many different chemical compounds in P. guajava and their pharmacological effects.medical Properties and Composition of yellow cattley guava PulpThe main constituents of guava are vitamins, tanins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, essential oils, sesquiterpene alcohols and triterpenoid acids. These and other compounds are related to many health effects of guava .Some authors have found high concentrations of carotenoids (beta-carotene, l ycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin), vitamin C and polyphenols in guava pulp. Lycopene has been correlated with the legal community of cardiovascular damage because of its dictatorial effects on dyslipidemia . Ascorbic acid is recognized for its important antioxidant effects .Shu et al. isolated nine triterpenoids from guava fruit ursolic acid 1beta, 3beta-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3beta,19alpha-dihydroxyurs-12en-28-oic acid 19a-hydroxylurs-12-en-28-oic acid-3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyrano- side 3beta, 23-dihydroxy urs-12-en-28-oic acid 3beta, 19alpha, 23beta- tri-hydroxylurs-12-en-28-oic acid 2alpha, 3beta,19alpha, 23beta-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid and 3alpha,19alpha,23,24-tetrahydroxyurs -12-en-28-oic acid. Ursolic acid and other triterpenoids are associated with anti-cancer properties.Shu et al. found three benzophenone glycosides in ripe edible fruits of P. guajava L 2, 6-dihydroxy-3, 5-dimethyl-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-benzophen one 2, 6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-4-O-(6-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-benzophenone and 2, 6-dihydroxy-3, 5-dimethyl-4-O-(6-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-benzophenone. Benzophenone glycosides have inhibitory effect on triglycerides hookup.Thuaytong and Anprung found antioxidant activity in guava and the major constituents identified in white and red guavas were ascorbic acid, gallic acid, catechin equivalents, cinnamyl alcohol, ethyl benzoate, -caryophyllene, (E)-3-hexenyl acetate and -bisabolene. The antioxidant properties of the guava pulp can be related to anti-cancer effects.Studies with human have found that the consumption of guava for a period of 12 weeks reduced blood pressure by 8%, total cholesterin levels by 9%, triacylglycerides by almost 8%, and induced an 8% increase in the levels of HDL-c.Farinazzi et al.showed that animals do by with guava pulp juice had significantly lower body weight, glycemia, cholesterol and triglycerides levels and significantly augmented the levels of HDL-c when compared to the animals from the control group.lyophilised pulp of P. guajava in diabetic rats induces to significant hypoglycemic effects likely due to its antioxidant activity of compoundspresent in the pulp.Medical Properties and Composition of Guava LeavesGuava leaf extract has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. These effects are belike due to the presence of phenolic compounds. Jimnez-Escrig et al., Wang et al. and Haida et. describe the presence of higher amounts of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity in the leaves of white (Psidium guajava var. pyrifera L.) and red guava (Psidium guajava var. pomifera L.) when compared with other vegetable species. Wu et al, Melo et al. and Chen et al found gallic acid, catechins, epicatechins, rutin, naringenin and kaempferol in the leaves.Studies have shown that gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin inhibit pancreatic cholesterol esterase, which dec reases cholesterol levels. Catechins are important as a preventive treatment for diabetes type 2 and obesity. Quercetin has been associated to decreased mortality from bone marrow disease and decreased incidence of stroke. Quercetin presents hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activity. Rutin is in force(p) in the quelling of triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes. Naringenin and kaempferol can promote moderate cytostatic activity against all cell lines and kaempferol can be useful as anticancer .Fu et al.elucidated the structure of three novel sesquiterpenoid- based meroterpenoids of psidials A-C found in guava leaves. Matsuzak et al.isolated two new benzophenone galloyl glycosides, guavinosides A and B, and a quercetin galloyl glycoside, guavinoside C as well as fiver known quercetin glycosides from guava leaves. The structures of the novel glycosides were elucidated to be 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone 4-O-(6-O-galloyl)-beta-D -glucopyranoside (1, guavinoside A) 2,4,6-trihydro xy-3,5-dimethylbenzophenone 4-O-(6-O-galloyl)-beta-D -glucopyranoside (2, guavinoside B), and quercetin 3-O-(5-O-galloyl)-alpha-L -arabinofuranoside (3, guavinoside C).Kim et al.related that the guava leaves contain ascorbic acid, citric acid,acetic acid, epicatechin, xanthine, protocatechuic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, malonic acid, trans-aconitic acid, maleic acid and cis-aconitic acid.Ghosh et al.isolated two terpenoids from the leaf extract of P. guajava (betulinic acid and lupeol) and inform their potential antimicrobial and phytotoxic activities. Betulinic acid and lupeol can be used in the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular desease, obesity and atherosclerosis.Shao et al. isolated two terpenoids from guava leaves Psiguadials A and B, two novel sesquiterpenoid-diphenylmethane meroterpenoids with unusual skeletons, along with a pair of known epimers, psidial A and guajadial.Shu et al.identified one diphenylmethane, one benzophenone, and eight flavonoids from guava fres h leaves(2,6-dihydroxy-3-formaldehyde-5-methyl-4-O-(6-O-galloyl--D-glucopyranosyl)-diphenylmethane 2,6-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-4-O-(6-O-galloyl--D-glucopyranosyl)-benzophenone kaempferol quercetin quercitrin isoquercitrin guaijaverin avicularin hyperoside and reynoutrin. Guaijaverin has high potential antiplaque agent by inhibiting the growth of the Streptococcus mutans. Avicularin and guaijaverin work as urease inhibitors (against Helicobacter pylori urease).Shao et al. isolated four new triterpenoids, psiguanins A-D (1-4), and with 13 known compounds from the leaves of guava. Guava aqueous leaf extract showed anti-trypanosomal properties in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Rahim et al.evaluated the effects of aqueous mixture and water soluble methanol extract from guava leaves and bark against multi-drug-resistant Vibrio cholera and found strong antibacterial activity. They concluded that this plant offers potential for controlling epidemics of cholera. Birdi et al. and Birdi et al. related that P. guajava leaves have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action (as antigiardial and antirotaviral activity) that could be effective in controlling diarrhea due to a wide range of pathogens. The antimicrobial activity can be linked to the presence of flavonoidsextracted from guava leaves.Deguchi and Miyazaki reported that guava leaves infusion not only reduced postprandial glycemia and cleansed hyperinsulinemia in murine models but also contributed to reduce hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoadiponectinemia in the animals of their study.Rutin and kaempferol found in guava leaves are compounds related to the decrease of HMG-CoA reductase activity in hepatic tissue and improve lipid profiles. Akinmoladun et al. studied methanol extracts of some fruits, including P. guajava, and demonstrated that there is a not bad(predicate) correlation between total phenolic contents and reductive potential and a sporting correlation bet ween total phenolic contents and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity.Several studies have shown that aqueous extract of Psidium guajava contains components with LDL-c antiglycation activity, suggesting its contribution to the prevention of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases Other studies have found cardioprotective effects of aqueous extract of P. guajava in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts, primarily through their radical-scavenging actions.Ojewole identified the presence of phenolic compounds in the leaves demonstrating their hypoglycemic and hypotensive effects on diabetic rats treated with aqueous leaf extract. Soman et al. reported a decline in the levels of glycated haemoglobin and fructosamines, as well as a significant reduction in the glycemic levels of diabetic rats treated with guava leaf extract. Singh and Marar studied the effects of Psidium guajava leaves on the stifling of the activity intestinal glycosidases related with postprandial hyperglycemia, suggesting its use for the treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes.Other studies have demonstrated that guava leaf and peel extracts also had hypoglycemic effects on experimental models drug-induced to severe conditions of diabetes.Wu et al.found that the phenolic compounds, gallic acid, catechins andquercetins in guava leaves inhibited the glycation of proteins suggesting its use for the prevention of diabetes complications.The Psiguadials A, B and guajadial isolated by Shao et al. exhibited potent inhibitory effects on the growth of human hepatoma cells. Kim et al. related that the guava leaves contain compounds that promote free radical scavenging activity showing promising antioxidant properties.Dutta and dassie identified significant anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of guava leaves in experimental models, while Kawakami et al. observed the antiproliferative activity of the leaves through inhibition of the catalytic activity of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases involved in the inflammatory process. Guava budding leaves aqueous extract possesses an extremely high content of poly phenolic and isoflavonoids and suppresses the cell migration and the angiogenesis. In view of this, clinically it has the potential to be used as an adjuvant anti-cancer chemo preventive . Matsuzak et al. isolated phenolic glycosides from guava leaves and showed significant inhibitory activity against histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, and nitric oxide production from a murine macrophage-like cell line.Roy and Das studied the hepatoprotective activity of different extracts of P. guajava (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous) in acute experimental liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol. The effects were compared with a known hepatoprotective agent and observed that the best effects came from guava methanolic leaf extract that significantly reduced the elevated ser um levels of enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase) and bilirubin.P. guajava leaves exhibit high subject to reduced polymerization and aggregation of sickle cell hemoglobin molecule. This molecule is a product of a defective genetic code of hemoglobin molecule and is prone to deoxygenation-induced polymerization and has low insolubility. The development of chemical modification agents that reduce the tendency of sickle cell hemoglobin molecule to totality represents an importantchemotherapeutic goal.Guava extract leaves can be creditworthy for membrane stabilizing effect on sickle erythrocytes that are hypersensitive to endogenous free radical-mediated oxidative damage. This effect can be attributed to the flavonoids, triterpenoids and phalanx of other secondary plant metabolites .Chen et al. found that aqueous extract of guava budding leaves possess anti- prostatic cancer activity in a cell line model and concluded they are promisin g anti-androgen-sensitive prostate cancer agent.Han et al. studied the effects of P. guajava ethyl acetate extract on atopic dermatitis and found that it inhibits chemokine expression in keratinocytes what suggests this extract can have possible therapeutic application in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin diseases. methyl alcohol extracts of the leaves can also be useful in the treatment of stomachal ulcer disorders possibly due to the presence of volatile oil, flavonoids and motley fooloninsMethanolic extract of guava leaves can exhibit wound healing effects and this property can be explained by the presence of tannins and flavonoids.Guava leaves extract also can show anti cough effects as shown by Jaiarj et al.Medical Properties and Composition of Guava Discarded ProductsAs told before, the fruit process results in the discard of the leaves, seeds, part of the peel and pulp. Some studies showed the presence of total phenolic compounds in the agroindustrial wastes (see ds, skin and pulp) of guava, confirming its antioxidant activity .Leaves, seeds and peels of fruits have significant proportions of bioactive compounds with proficient physiological and metabolic properties. Its antioxidants can control body weight and biochemical variables like glycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and other risks of cardiovascular diseases. The antioxidant properties of the guava seeds extracts can be associated to anti-cancer effects on both hematological and solid neoplasmsand the antioxidant properties of the guava peel can be related to anti-cancer effects.Castro-Vargas et al.and Ojewole extracted and identified significant levels of carotenoids and total phenolic compounds from guava seeds. Seeds exhibit antimicrobial, gastrointestinal and anticarcinogenic activities probably due to the presence of phenolic glycosides in the composition.Farinazzi et al. showed that Wistar rats treated with guava seed had significantly lower glycemia, cholesterol and triglycer ides levels and body weight. These animals significantly increased HDL-c levels.Rai et al. reported hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects in diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of lyophilized guava peel. Psidium guajava stem-bark extract can be used to treat malaria because it presents antiplasmodial activities possibly due to the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids, seccoirridoids and terpenoids.Related studyMany researchers have been demonstrating the presence of a wide variety of bioactive compounds in the leaf, seed and bark of Psidium guajava that are capable of showing beneficial effects on human health. If we consider that chronic degenerative diseases have reached epidemic proportions in many countries and increase the socio-economic charge for the public health system, it is necessary to find non-allopathic alternatives that minimize risk factors of these diseases and help in the treatment. Furthermore, population consumes medicinal plants also to treat othe r kind or diseases because of high costs of allopathic medications.The studies using P. guajava bring info that may provide validation for its medicinal uses but it should be researched more extensively in clinical trials so it could be used for prevention and as an adjuvant in the treatment of numerous disorders.Nevertheless we should evince the importance of experimental and clinicalstudies involving more specific factors related to the bioavailability of the compounds, as well as the effective and safe doses to be used by individuals for the prevention and treatment of various disorders.Katakataka( bryopphyllum pinnatum) Constituents Phytochemical screenings have yielded alkaloids, triterpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, butadienolides, lipids, and organic acids. Yields arachidic acid, astragalin, behenic acid, beta amyrin, benzenoids, bersaldegenin, beta-sitosterol, bryophollenone, bryophollone, bryophyllin,caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, steroids, and taraxerol . Phytochemical paygrade of leaf extract yielded bryophyllum A, B and C, a potent cytotoxic bufadienolide orthoacetate. Bufadienolide has been reported to be poisonous with digitalis-toxicity type cardiac effects (slowing of heart rate, heart blocks and potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Bryophillin A, a bufadienolide compound, has shown anti-tumor promoting activity. Leaves yield malic acid.Fractionation of an EtOAc extract yielded seven kaempferol rhamnosides kaempferol 3-O--L-(2-acetyl)rhamnopyranoside-7-O--L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O--L-(3-acetyl)rhamnopyranoside-7-O--L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O--L-(4-acetyl)rhamnopyranoside-7-O--L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O--D- glucopyranoside-7-O--L-rhamnopyranoside, afzelin, and -rhamnoisorobin. (19) Properties Leaves considered astringent, antiseptic, hemostatic, refrigerant, emollient, counterirritant, mucilaginous, vulnerary, depurative, anti-inflammatory, disinfectant, and tonic. Pharmacologic studies hav e showed pharmacologic properties immunomodulatory, CNS depressant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antianaphylactic, antileishmanial, antitumorous, antiulcer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, febrifuge, gastroprotective, immunosuppressive, insecticidal, sedative, muscle relaxant.Folkloric Leaves used as astringent, antiseptic, and counterirritant againstpoisonous insect bites. Pounded fresh material is applied as a poultice for a variety of conditions Sprains, eczema, infections, burns, carbuncle and erysipelas. Leaves, made pliable by hold over fire, are applied to wounds, bruises, boils also, used as poultice or power in bad ulcers. Juice is interracial with flip ones wig and used for diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, and phthisis. Pounded leaves are applied as poultices to the soles of the feet to stop hemorrhages. Leaves are used as topicals in dislocation, ecchymoses, callosities. Leaves, pounded and mixed with sodium chloride, used as plaster and applied to stomach to relieve enuresis For boils, the whole leaf is pressed by hand, to and fro, until it becomes moist with the leaf extract. A small opening is made in the middle of the leaf which is then placed on the boil with hole over the pointing of the abscess. For asthma, leaves of leaves places in hot water for 15 minutes, then juice squeezed out of the leaves, and drunk. Juice of leaves used in bilious diarrhea and lithiasis. In Ayurveda, useful in vitiated conditions of vata and pitta, cuts, wounds, hemorrhoids, menorrhagia, boils, sloughing ulcers, burns and scalds, diarrhea, dysentery, headaches, vomiting, bronchitis. In Puerto Rico, leaf juice used as diuretic. Leaves are rubbed or tied on the head for headaches. jerk decoction usually taken to lower blood pressure. Leaf juice used for earache and ophthalmia. In Sierre Leon, cough medicine is made from the roots. In Brazil leaves, heated over fire and mixed with oil, are used as emollient and refrigerant for facial swelli ng associated with neuralgy or tooth trouble. Also, used for asthma and bronchitis. In Jamaica, leaves used for coughs and colds. Sometimes, it is mixed with salt or honey, for headaches, colds, bronchial affections, and hypertension. Heated leaves used for swellings and abscesses. In Africa, used for earaches, warmheartedness problems, and as diuretic. In China used for rheumatoid arthritis, bruises, burns and ulcers. In Nigeria, plant is considered sedative, wound-healing, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and cough suppressant. Leaf juice used to treat boils and skin ulcers. Plant used for intestinal parasites, bronchitis,pneumonia.Banana (genus Musa sapientum Linn.)The banana tree tree plant is the largest nonwoody flowering plant. The main or upright stem is actually a pseudostem, growing from a corm, to a height of 6 to 7.6 meters. Leaves are spirally arranged, as long as 2.7 meters and 60 cm wide, fragile and easy torn by wind, with the familiar frond look. Each pseudostem produces a single draw of bananas the pseudostem dies after fruiting, as offshoots usually develop from the base of the plant. Each pseudostem produces a single inflorescence, the banana heart, containing many bracts between rows of flowers. The banana fruits develop from the heart, in a hanging cluster made up of tiers (hands), up to 20 fruit to a tier.DistributionCultivated throughout the Philippines in many varieties.Constituents Juice of the flower-stem contains potash, soda, lime, magnesia, alumina, chlorine, sulfuric anhydride, silica and carbon anhydride. High potassium content a medium banana contains about 450 mg of potassium. (Because of potassium homeostasis in the body, 40K ingested is balanced by 40K potassium excreted. The net dose of a banana is zero.) Preliminary phytochemical screening of fresh steam juice yielded vitamin B, oxalic acid, sulphate, vitamin C, starch, tannin, glycosides, phenolic compounds, glue chewing gum. Study yielded 6 triterpenes 6 triter penes cyclomusalenol, cyclomusalenone, 24-methylenecycloartanol, stigmast-7-methylenecycloartanol, stigmast-7-en-3-ol, lanosterol, and a-amyrin and eight flavonoids. Mineral content and nutritional value of varieties (lakatan, latundan, saba, and bungalan)Properties Demulcent, nutrient, cooling, astringent, antiscorbutic, antifebrile, restorative, emmenagogue, cardialgic, styptic. The ripe fruit is laxative, demiulcent, and nutrient. Unripe fruit is cooling and astringent. dried-out fruit considered antiscorbutic. Root is antibilious and alterative. Juice of the plant is styptic. Because of its high potassium content, bananas are naturally slightly radioactive, more than other fruits. Good sources of vitamin A, fair sources of vitamin B, and good sources of vitamin C. All are deficient in calcium and phosphorus, and only fair in iron. Studies have attributed biologic activities antiulcerogenic, antidiabetic, antiatherogenic, antidiarrheic, antitumoral, antimutagenic, antihypertens ive. Parts usedLeaves, fruit.UsesEdibility / nutritional The puso (male inflorescence) of saba is extensively used as a vegetable. Unripe fruit is odoriferous and candied. Ripe fruits also used in making brandy, rum, and wine. Rich in vitamins A, B, and C a fair source of iron.Folkloric Young leaves used for cool dressing of inflamed and blistered surfaces and as cool application for headaches. Powdered roots used for anemia and cachexia. Mucilage prepared from seeds used for catarrhal and diffuse inflammatory forms of diarrhea. Juice of tender roots used as mucilage for checking hemorrhages from the genitalia and air passages. In China, juice of roots used as antifebrile and restorative. Juice of the trunk applied to scalp to increase hair growth and prevent hair from falling. In West Africa, used for diarrhea. In Gambia, sap of inflorescence used for earaches. In French Guiana, flowers used as emmenagogue. In the Gold Coast, sap from roots given as enema for diarrhea. In Cambodi a, Java and Malaya, juice from trunk used for dysentery and diarrhea. Juice from flowers, mixed with curds, for dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia. dredge made of green bananas used for dyspepsia with flatulence and acidity. Ripe fruit, mixed with half its weight in tamarinds and a little salt, is a expensive food in chronic dysentery and diarrhea, Cooked flower used for diabetes. Flowers also used as cardialgic. Sap of the flower used forearaches. In Western Ghat in India, leaves are used for bandaging cuts, blisters and ulcers. Ripe bananas combined with tamarind and common salt used for dysentery. In traditional medicine in India, used for diabetes. In South-Western Nigeria, green fruits used for diabetes.Others Papermaking / Clothing Plant fibers used in the even up of paper and clothes. A related species, Musa textilis (Abaca, Manila hemp) is produced on a commercial scale for its fiber use in the manufacture of paper. Wrapping / Cooking Leaves used for wrapping food for cooking. Leaves used for smoothen floors, lining pots for cooking rice.Studies Hypoglycemic / Flowers Study on the chloroform extract of M sapientum flowers showed hypoglycemic activity with significant reduction of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and improvement in glucose tolerance. Hypoglycemic/ Fruits Study on the green fruits of M paradisiaca indicate it possesses hypoglycemic activity and lends credence to its Nigerian folkloric use for diabetes. Antioxidant (1) Musa sapientum flower extract showed improved antioxidant activity in diabetics. (2) A study of extracts of M. sapientum var. sylvesteris showed concentration-dependent scavenging effects, with antioxidant activity stronger than that of vitamin C. Gastroprotective Study on the unripe plantain extract of M sapientum and unripe pawpaw meal showed alteration of the gastric phospholipid profile and through a prostaglandin pathway may have a profound effect on the gastroduodenal mucosa and implications for gastric and du odenal ulcers in rabbits. Flowers / Antihyperglycemic / Antioxidant Study showed banana flower extract to have an antihyperglycemic action and antioxidant properties, comparatively more effective than glibenclamide. Analgesic Study of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of Musa sapientum showed central analgesic action. Wound healing Study of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Musa sapientum showed wound healing properties through increased wound breaking strength, reduced glutathione, decrease percentage of wound area, scar area and lipid peroxidation. Wound healing was probably through antioxidant effect and various biochemical parameters. Anti-UlcerActivity Study of dried powder of banana pulp showed anti-ulcerogenic activity, esp in the unripe, mature green plantain banana (var. paradisiaca). Banana Peels Phytochemicals Study showed the peel can be a good source of carbohydrates and fiber. The study of anti-nutrients showed generally low values except for saponins. Study sugges ts, properly processed and exploited, the peel could be a good source of livestock feed, providing a high quality and barefaced source of carbohydrates and minerals. Antimicrobial Activity (1) Study of ethanolic extracts of unripe bananas, lemon grass and turmeric showed antimicrobial activity at stock concentrations. Unripe bananas showed a high antimicrobial activity against all test organisms. (2) Ethanol extract of Musa sapientum showed antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms Gram-positive and Gram-negative bateria (B. subtilis, B. cereus, and E coli.) Anti-Helicobacter pylori / Anti-Internalisation Activity In a study of 9 Thai plant extracts used for gastric ailments, Musa sapientum and Allium sativum showed marked anti-internalisation and present a potential benefit in H pylori , prevention eradication, therapy and avoidance of antibiotic resistance. Anticonvulsant Study in mice showed AMS prevented convulsions possibly through prevention of inhibition of vitamin B6 metabolism with subsequent increase in GABA synthesis in the CNS or due to facilitatory effect on GABAergic neurons an effect mediated by the antioxidant potential of phytoconstituents present in the AMS. Indigenous Antiulcer Activity / Leucocyanidin Study investigated the anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract of M. sapientum. Study yielded an active compounda monomeric flavonoid, leucocyanidin, that showed anti-ulcerogenic activity, in congruous with standard drug esomeprazole. Antioxidant / Antibacterial /haemagglutination Inhibition Study of methanolic extract of leaves of M. sapientum var. Sylvesteris showed antioxidant and antibacterial activity in vitro. It also showed hemagglutination inhibition activities and hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis inhibition activity of human red blood cells. Antimicrobial / Cytotoxicity A methanolic extract of M. sapientum L subsp. sylvestris showed good antimicrobial activity the pulp, moderate activity with the peel, and insignificant activity with the seed. On cytotoxicity evaluation using Brine Shrimp Lethality, pulpseedpeel.