Microcontroller Based Irrigation System Engineering Essay

AbstractionThe Microcontroller establish irrigation system is an advanced method apply to pee the workss on a regular basis when we ar out of station.The system makes usage of a microcontroller IC AT89C51, OP-AMP LM324 and associated rotaryry. Microcontroller is preprogrammed and do the incumbent stairss to supervene upon ON and polish off the motor depending upon whether the crud is change or non as indicated by the detectors. The OP-AMP is tack together here as comparator.The Microcontroller is employ to command the whole system. It monitors the detectors and when more than two detectors sense the dry status so the microcontroller testament exchange on the motor and it will exchange off the motor when all the detectors argon in moisture. The microcontroller does the preceding(prenominal) occupation it receives the signals from the detectors, and this signals operated under the control of package which is stored in ROMMICROCONTROLLER89C51SENSOR 1SENSOR 2SENSOR 3SENSOR 4 force backRelayPower SUPPLYBLOCK DIAGRAM5V 12VBLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION( I ) POWER SUPPLYNinety-nine regulators ar various and comparatively cheap and are available with characteristics such as authorized/voltage boosting, internal short circuit current modification, thermic closure and natation operation for high electromotive ram applications. The regulated circuit is used to keep changeless end harvest-feast degree. The incorporate circuit regulator, sometimes called the three terminal regulators contains the circuitry for mention beginning mistake amplitude control device and all overload defense all in a individual IC bit. They are connected between end product of a filter and input to the burden.The 78xx serial publication consist of three terminal +ve electromotive force regulators. With fit change dro duskg they fag end present end product current in surplus of 1A. For proper operation, thither should be a common land between the input and end product electromotiv e force.As per the Indian criterions, the preparation through the brinies is 230 Vs, 50 Hz Ac. For this undertaking, the power demands are +5V and +12V territorial dominion of Columbia electromotive force degreesBy smatter the current demands of the assorted ICs and the loading effects of the different current drawing elements used in this undertaking, the stallion current demand was found to be about 1 A.So we use a 12-0-12V, 1 A transformer to step down the brinies voltage to 12 V ( rms ) . The secondary of the transformer is fed to a rectifier circuit consisting of 1N4007 power rectifying tubes for change overing Ac to dc V. The pulsating end product therefore obtained has to be filtered to acquire the dish District of Columbia electromotive force. A capacitance filter of 2200 microfarads, 25V and 0.1 microfarads are used. Using regulator IC 7805 the mandatory electromotive force degree is obtained.Here we kick in used 78xx series regulator which are three terminal, absolu te fixed electromotive force series regulators.MICRO CONTROLLERThe microcontroller used is AT89C51. It is a low power, high-performance, CMOS8- descry microcontroller with 4K Bytes of Flash programmable and effaceable determine just nowmemory.Port1 of 89C51 Acts of the Apostless as an input port here.The end product of four comparators are fed to port1 ( net adventurer to P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3 ) . When to or more inputs are high, meshing Explorer for the built in bed combinations 0011,0101,0110,0111,1001,1010,1011,1100,1101, 1110,1111 the microcontroller will turn ON the motor.It will turn cancelled the motor merely if all the inputs at Port1 is low Internet Explorer for the spot combination 0000.The microcontroller is pre-programmed to make this undertaking.DetectorThe detector parts are built utilizing OP-AMP IC LM324.The LM 324 series consists of four independent high addition, internally compensated operational amplifiers which are designed specifically to military cam paign from a individual power supply over a broad scope of electromotive forces. OP-AMP IC is configured here as a comparator. As shown in the circuit diagram stiff Cu wires are inserted in dirt and one terminal of each of these wires are connected to the negative terminus of the op-amp. When dirt is wet, its conductivity will be high and end product of the comparators will be low. When the dirt is dry, the conduction will be low and the comparator end product will be high. The end product of these comparators are fed to the microcontroller.RelayRelaies are widely used to command devices that draw big current. A relay is a switch whose terminuss called seizes are undo and closed by an electromagnet. We unremarkably use mechanical or immobile province relays. The control circuitry for both of these fibers of relays is electrically isolated from the existent switch. When the current is passed through the twist of the electromagnet, the result force actuates a metallic relay that causes one or more contacts to open and shut. The lever called armature is machine-accessible to the spring, so that when the current in the twist is removed, the spring force retraces the armature.The twists in the relay is called spiral and it is express to be energized when current flows through it. The switch contacts that are controlled by relay are called usually unfastened or usually closed harmonizing to the status when they are energized. Thus a usually unfastened contact stopping points and a usually closed contact opens when energized. The chief advantage of the relay is that the contacts can be designed to exchange a heavy current in and out of a circuit when merely a little current is supplied to or disconnected from the spiral.Here a 12V relay is used.The microcontroller bend ON and turn OFF the motor through this relay.MotorWe are utilizing a 12V, DC motor to demo the working. For pumping the H2O an AC motor may be used.This motor can be drived utilizing the relay.C IRCUIT DIAGRAMWorkingThe undertaking presented here is an self-winding irrigation system.It uses microcontroller AT89C51, op-amp LM324 and associated circuitry.The power supply required for the microcontroller,5V can be either taken straight from a District of Columbia beginning and if merely Ac is available, so it can be rectified, filtered and the regulated 5V can be obtained with the assistance of power supply unit which is provided here.The op-amp LM324 is configured as a comparator.There are four organic units in it and associated with each unit we will infix two Cu wires in the soil.One terminal of these wires are in the dirt and the other terminal of one wire is connected to the supply say 5V and the second wire is connected to the comparator s inverting terminal.When the dirt is wet its conduction will be high and 5V will make the inverting terminus through the wires inserted in dirt. Consequently the ouput of that peculiar comparator will be low.If the dirt is dry its con duction will be low and the comparator will give a high end product.As already mentioned there are four comparators and the end product of all these comparators are fed to Port1 ( Internet Explorer to P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3 ) of the microcontroller.Port1 of 89C51 Acts of the Apostless as an input port here.When to or more inputs are high, Internet Explorer for the spot combinations0011,0101,0110,0111,1001,1010,1011,1100,1101,1110,1111the microcontroller will turn ON the motor.It will turn OFF the motor merely if all the inputs at Port1 is low Internet Explorer for the spot combination 0000.The microcontroller is pre-programmed to make this undertaking. The microcontroller bend ON and turn OFF the motor through a 12V relay.SOFTWARE PARTFlow chartStartIf power supply onStop learn Port P1 as input portPort P1 = FFHA = P1IfA = 0000Motor OFFIfA = 0001Motor OFFNitrogen yttriumIfA = 0010Motor OFFNitrogenYttriumYttriumAAAYttriumNitrogenABacillusNitrogenIfA = 0100Motor OFFYttriumIfA = 1000Mo tor OFFNitrogenYttriumAANitrogenBacillusMotor ONIfA = 0000YttriumNitrogenMotor OFFAPCB FABRICATIONPCB DESIGNPCB design of the circuit was implemented utilizing DIP TRACE. Initially the schematic of the circuit was worn. The necessary PCB footmarks were given, thereby stipulating the constituent size and spacing. After giving the footmarks a natural list was created.Rooting fulfill was done utilizing the DIPTRACE PCB LAYOUT package. The net list was loaded and constituents spacing done consequently. Using the Auto root option, rooting was done. The possible connexions were made utilizing Auto rooting and the staying connexions were done manually utilizing jumpers.PCB FABRICATIONAfter the PCB design stage, PCB fiction was done. The way was drawn on a circuit carte du jour utilizing a C paper and the mirror image obtained was painted. The board was etched by dunking it in a extremely concentrated Ferric Chloride and after etching, the staying pigment was removed. The persistence of all waies was checked and so the constituents were placed and joined. After supplying the necessary jumpers besides the circuit was tested.BondingSoldering is the take place ining together of two metals to give physical adhere and legal electrical conduction. It is used chiefly in electrical and electronic circuitry. Solder is a combination of metals, which are solid at normal mode temperatures and go liquid at between 180 and 200AC. Solder bonds wide to assorted metals, and highly good to Cu.Soldering is a necessary accomplishment you need to larn to successfully construct electronics circuits. It is the primary demeanor how electronics constituents are connected to circuit boards, wires and sometimes straight to other constituents.To solder you need a stick to Fe. A modern basic electrical bonding Fe consists of a warming component, a solder spot ( frequently called the tip ) , a grip and a power cord. The warming component can be either a opposition wire lesion around a ceramic tubing, or a thick movie opposition component printed onto a ceramic base. The component is so insulated and placed into a metal tubing for strength and protection. This is so thermally insulated from the grip. The loveing component of soldering Fe unremarkably reaches temperatures of about 370 to 400AC ( higher than needed to run the solder ) . The soldering spot is a oddly molded piece of Cu plated with Fe and so normally plated with chrome or Fe. The tip lay makes it really immune to aggressive solders and commixes.The strength or power of a bonding Fe is normally expressed in Watts. Irons by and large used in electronics are typically in the scope 12 to 25 Watts. Higher powered Fe will non run hotter, but it will hold more power available to rapidly replace heat drained from the Fe during soldering. nearly chainss are available in a assortment of electromotive forces, 12V, 24V, 115V, and 230V are the most popular. Today most explore labs and fix stores use solderi ng chainss, which operate at 24V ( powered by isolation transformer supplied with the soldering Fe or by a separate low electromotive force mercantile establishment ) . You should ever engage this low electromotive force where possible, as it is much safer. For advanced bonding work ( like really piddling really sensitive electronics constituents ) , you will necessitate a soldering Fe with a temperature control. In this type of soldering chainss the temperature may be normally set between 200 degC and 450 degC. Many temperature-controlled soldering chainss designed for electronics have a power evaluation of around 40-50W. They will heat fast and give comme il faut power for operation, but are automatically little ( because the temperature accountant stops them from overheating when they are non used ) .You will on occasion influence gas-powered soldering chainss which use butane sort of than the brinies electrical supply to run. They have a catalytic component which, one time warmed up, continues to glow hot when gas passes over them. Gas-powered soldering chainss are designed for occasional on the topographic point usage for speedy fixs, instead than for mainstream building or assembly work.You need to be careful in soldering because most electronic constituents are delicate, and heat sensitive. Normally our biggest concern is heat. Low plenty soldering temperature and short plenty soldering clip keeps constituents in good form. Electronicss constituents are designed so that they can take high temperatures on their contacts/wires for some clip without harm ( to defy the bonding ) . Prolonged exposure to high temperature will heat up when interior of the constituent can do harm to it.Presently, the best normally available, feasible, and safe solder metal is 63/37. That is, 63 % carry, 37 % Sn. It is besides known as eutectic solder. Its most desirable mark is that its solids ( pasty ) province, and its liquid province occur at the same temperature 361 grades F. The combination of 63 % lead and 37 % Sn thaws at the lowest possible temperature. Nowadays there is inclination to travel to utilize lead free solders, but it will takes old ages until they will catch on normal soldering work. read free solders are nowadays available, but they are by and large more expensive and/or harder to work on than traditional solders that have lead in so,The metals involved are non the lone things to see in a solder. Flux is critical to a good solder articulation. Flux is an aggressive chemic that removes oxides and drosss from the parts to be soldered. The chemical reactions at the point ( s ) of connexion must take topographic point for the metals to blend. RMA-type flux ( Rosin Mildly Active ) is the least corrosive of the readily available stuffs, and provides an equal oxide remotion.In electronics a 60/40 fluxed nucleus solder is used. This consists of 60 % Lead and 40 % Tin, with flux nucleuss added through the length of the solder.Th ere are certain safety steps which you should maintain in dubiousness when soldering. The Sn stuff used in soldering contains unsafe substances like lead ( 40-60 % of typical bonding Sns are lead and lead is toxicant ) . Besides the assorted from the soldering flux can be unsafe. While it is true that lead does non zap at the temperatures at which soldering is typically done, particulate subprogram is merely every bit unsafe as exhausts would be in footings of toxic condition and there is particulate lead nowadays to some extent in the exhausts from your flux.When soldering maintain the room good ventilated and utilize a little fan or dope trap. A proper skunk trap or a fan will maintain the most pollution off from your face. master key electronics workshops use expensive fume extraction systems to protect their workers ( needed for working safety grounds ) . Those fume extraction devices have a particular filter, which filters out the unsafe exhausts. If you can link a canali se to the end product from the trap to the exterior, that would be great.Always wash custodies prior to smoke, feeding, imbibing or travel to the bathroom. When you handle soldering Sn, your custodies will pick up lead, which needs to be washed out from it in the beginning it gets to your organic structure. Do non eat, imbibe or smoke whilst working with soldering Fe. Do non put cups, spectacless or a home base of nutrient near your working country.Wash besides the tabular multitude sometimes. As you solder, at times there will be a spot of ptyalizing and sputtering. If you look you ll see bantam balls of solder that shoot out and can be found on your soldering tabular array.The bonding Fe will last longer with proper attention. Before and during usage wipe the spot on a moist sponge. Most bench bases incorporate a sponge for this intent. When utilizing a new spot, use solder to it as it heats up. Always maintain a hot Fe in a bench base, or suspended by the hook, when non in usag e. Bend of the Fe when you do non utilize it. sporadically take the spot and clear off any oxide build up. Regularly check the brinies lead for Burnss or other harm ( alteration mains lead if necessary ) .PCB LAYOUTCost AppraisalSL NO.ComponentsSpecificationRate treasureCost1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.ResistorsDiodesCapacitorsCrystalOp-ampMicrocontrollerIC BaseTransistorTransformerRelayDC MotorRegulator ICPCB fiction & A SolderingLEDCasing10 K100 K220 I2.2k1N40072200 AF0.1AF47AF10AF8 MHzLM 324AT89C5114 pin40 pinBC 10712-0-1212 V12V motorIntelligence community 780510 PS10 PS10 PS10 PS20 PS50 PS50 PS50 PS50 PSRs 5.00Rs 18.00Rs 58.00Rs.2.00Rs.10.00Rs 1.00Rs.70.00Rs.8.00Rs.70.00Rs.5.00Rs.250.00Re.1.00Rs.20.00945431111111111111114190ps40ps50ps40ps60ps50ps50ps50ps50psRs 5.00Rs.18.00Rs.58.00Rs.2.00Rs.10.00Rs.1.00Rs.70.00Rs.8.00Rs.70.00Rs.5.00Rs.250.00Rs.4.00Rs.20.00TOTAL = Rs..526.00DecisionHere we confine a simple and cheap irrigation system. The hardware subdivision consists o f an op A and a microcontroller circuitry. The unit can be easy implemented in our houses for little graduated table every bit good as in farms for big scale irrigation.BibliographyMentionsThe 8051 Microcontroller and embedded systems Muhammad Ali MazidiOp As and Linear Integrated circuits Ramakand GaykwadWeb siteswww.atmel.comwww.8051projects.info/proj.asp? ID=40Plan INCLUDE & lt SFR55A.INC & gt MOTOR bite P2_0MOTOR_LED BIT P2_1DRY BIT P2_2 stung BIT P2_3CSEG AT 0ORG 00HStartMOV P1, FFHMOV A, P1CJNE A, 00H, NEXT_VALUEACALL MOTOR_OFFNEXT_VALUECJNE A, 01H, NEXT_VALUE1ACALL MOTOR_OFFNEXT_VALUE 1CJNE A, 02H, NEXT_VALUE2ACALL MOTOR_OFFNEXT_VALUE 2CJNE A, 03H, NEXT_VALUE3ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 3CJNE A, 04H, NEXT_VALUE4ACALL MOTOR_OFFNEXT_VALUE 4CJNE A, 05H, NEXT_VALUE5ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 5CJNE A, 06H, NEXT_VALUE6ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 6CJNE A, 07H, NEXT_VALUE7ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 7CJNE A, 08H, NEXT_VALUE8ACALL MOTOR_OFFNEXT_VALUE 8CJNE A, 09H, NEXT_VALUE9ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 9CJNE A, 0BH, NEXT_VALUE11ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 11CJNE A, 0CH, NEXT_VALUE12ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 12CJNE A, 0DH, NEXT_VALUE13ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 13CJNE A, 0EH, NEXT_VALUE14ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 14CJNE A, 0FH, NEXT_VALUE10ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 15AJUMP STARTMOTOR_ONSETB MOTORSETB WETCLR MOTOR_LEDCLR DRYRETMOTOR_OFFCLR MOTORSETB DRYCLR WETSETB MOTOR _LEDEnd