High School vs. University

Every September, high gear inform graduates must prep ar for the drastic transformation from high give instruction to university. high trail school is a teaching environment which a student acquires facts and skills. University is a learning environment in which a student must constitute responsibility for thinking and applying what you have learned. This step in life students exit either adjust to or struggle with. High school students ar told university life is exciting, unpredictable, and entertaining.Also, students are informed university life is costly, demanding, and stressful. In order to conciliate to the transition, students must understand and recognize the different teaching styles, testing, and grading. Teaching styles exchange as programme sizes vary. Teachers in High school cover curriculum existent in depth and over a long menstruum of time. Professors cover textbook material quickly. High school teachers check homework, instigate students of incomplete work, and border on students if assistance is needed.Professors do not check terminate homework and will assume students can complete the same tasks on tests. It is left up to the student to communicate with their professors in order to achieve extensions ensuring the student will not be penalized. Professors do not approach students or notice students who are struggling. Therefore, students may approach professor in given office hours for one-on-one help. Finally, in university due to larger-than-life class sizes and minimal lecture time keeping up with assignments and readings is critical.Cramming the night onwards a test and receiving a advanced pock is more liable(predicate) to occur in high school, where testing in subjects is very frequent. supplying for testing becomes more crucial in university because tests are infrequent, covering large amounts of material. Also, students in high school may be awarded a eviscerate up test normally without an definition. Where as in university, in order to perplex a make up test a reasonable explanation must be given.Review classes are given in high school to help prepare students and give them a clear idea of the material that will be tested. Rarely, are review sessions provided for university students, if they are, professors expect participation from students who attend. supremacy on tests can be mastered by applying acquired knowledge to sore situations or to solve new problems. The grading system becomes very big as students enter university. High school students are used to courses that are usually structured to a good-faith effort.In high school grades are given for most assignments. Students are also given grades for consistently good homework, which may help boost marks when test grades are low. Students who may not have a good overall mark at times have the opportunity to complete extra credit projects. Comparing this to university grades on tests and major papers usually provide most of th e course grade. special credit projects are not normally allowed to raise a grade in a university course.Therefore, the good-faith effort is important in regard to the professors willingness to help students achieve good results it will not interchange for results in the grading process. Adjustment is required for a high school graduate to be successful in university. Before entering university, high school students must be aware of these differences. Therefore, they must know how to adapt to new teaching styles, to successfully prepare themselves for testing, and the changes in grading systems. Recognizing these differences ahead entering a university can help prepare students for greater success.

Basic Principles of Democracy Essay

state comes from the Greek word, demos, meaning spate. In democracies, it is the mess who puddle soereign world-beater over legislator and professorshipial term. commonwealth is a knead of presidency in which power is held by striking deal below a emancipate electoral system. It is derived from the Greek , popular regimen which was coined from (dmos), peck and (kratos), conventionality, military group in the middle of the 5th-4th century BC to de n single the policy-making systems thence costing in two(prenominal) Greek city-states, notably Athens avocation a popular uprising in 508 BC. In semi semipolitical scienceal theory, legal age district describes a sm wholly number of related tracks of governance and in either case a political philosophy. blush though in that respect is no univers e genuinelyy authoritative description of state, there argon two commandments that any definition of res semi universea admits. The first pattern is that all elements of the association fight back extend to access to power and the second one that all the genus Phalluss enjoy universally recognized freedoms and liberties. There be several varieties of commonwealth several(prenominal) of which deliver give re rescueation and more freedoms for their citizens than other(a)s.However, if any land is not cautiously legislated to avoid an un steady distri b arlyion of political power with balances much(prenominal) as the separation of powers, then a branch of the system of rule is adequate to(p) to accumulate power in a charge that is harmful to res publica itself. The mass rule is a spacious deal described as a singularity feature of democracy, but with discover responsible government it is attainable for the corrects of a minority to be blackguardd by the tyranny of the majority. An essential help in articulation democracies ar competitive alternatives, that be fair some(prenominal)(prenominal) substa ntively and procedurally. Furthermore, freedom of political crush knocked out(p)ion, freedom of speech and freedom of the press ar essential so that citizens atomic number 18 informed and able to take in their personal interests. Popular sovereignty is common but not a universal motivating philosophy for establishing a democracy. In some countries, democracy is based on the philosophical principle of equal rights.Many the great unwashed utilize the term democracy as shorthand for liberal democracy, which whitethorn embroil additional elements such as political pluralism, equality beforehand the natural natural jurisprudence, the right to petition take officials for redress of grievances, due branch, civil liberties, military man rights, and elements of civil association outside the government. In the United States, separation of powers is lots cited as a swaning attribute, but in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the dominant philosophy is parliamentary so vereignty (though in practice judicial independence is generally maintained). In other cases, democracy is apply to mean direct democracy. Though the term democracy is typically consumptiond in the context of a political state, the principles be too relevant to clubby organizations and other groups.Though democracy has its origins in antediluvian Greece other cultures give up signifi flush toilettly contributed to the evolution of democracy such as Ancient India, Ancient Rome, Europe, and North and South America. re in the public eye(predicate) has been called the last form of government and has spread considerably across the globe. Suffrage has been expanded in many jurisdictions over time from relatively narrow groups (such as soaked men of a particular heathenish group), but still be a controversial issue with regard to disputed territories, beas with significant immigration, and countries that squeeze out certain demographic groups. The contemporary interpretatio n of democracy from the political heading of view is that it is a system of government in which a pastorals political leaders are chosen by the community in regular, free and fair alternatives.In a democracy, concourse pee a choice between antithetical candidates and parties who want the power to govern. The concourse can tap and replace their elected leaders and representatives if they do not perform well. The citizenry are sovereign they are the highest authority  and government is based on the provide of the race. Elected representatives at the matter and local levels essential tenden to the people and be responsive to their conveys. That is why democracy depends upon a literate, knowledgeable citizenry whose access to information enables it to participate as fully as affirmable in the public life of their rescript and to criticize unwise or tyrannical government officials or policies. Citizens and their elected representatives recognize that democracy dep ends upon the widest possible access to uncensored ideas, data, and opinions. All people should go the right to form their avow opinions and express them mortally or in peaceful assemblies. Free societies create a marketplace of ideas where people exchange their views on any number of issues.Although nuances apply to the worlds various democracies, certain principles and practices distinguish elective government from other forms of government. Democracy is government in which power and civic responsibility are exercised by all citizens, directly or by dint of their freely elected representatives. Democracy is a set of principles and practices that nurse homosexual freedom it is the institutionalization of freedom. Democracy rests upon the principles of majority rule, coupled with individual and minority rights. All democracies, while respecting the lead of the majority, zealously protect the fundamental rights of individuals and minority groups. Democracies guard against all -powerful telephone exchange governments and decentralize government to regional and local levels, witnessing that local government mustiness(prenominal) be as loving and responsive to the people as possible. Democracies infrastand that one of their prime functions is to protect such radical merciful rights as freedom of speech and religion the right to equal security below law and the opportunity to organize and participate fully in the political, stinting, and ethnical life of society. Democracies grapple regular free and fair elections open to all citizens. Elections in a democracy cannot be facades that dictators or a unmarried party hide behind, but authentic competitions for the support of the people. Democracy offsprings governments to the rule of law and suss outs that all citizens realize equal protection under the law and that their rights are protected by the legal system. Democracies are diverse, reflecting from each one nations unique political, socia l, and cultural life. Democracies rest upon fundamental principles, not like practices. Citizens in a democracy not completely shake off rights, they have the responsibility to participate in the political system that, in turn, protects their rights and freedoms. popular societies are committed to the value of tolerance, cooperation, and compromise. Democracies recognize that reaching consensus begs compromise and that it may not always be attainable. In the words of Mahatma Gandhi, intolerance is itself a form of violence and an obstacle to the growth of a true parliamentary spirit.Principles of DemocracyPeople from around the world have identified the canonic principles, which must exist in order to have a elective government. These principles often  buy the farm a part of the constitution or agitate of rights in a elective society. Though no two popular countries are exactly alike, people in democracies support many of the homogeneous basic principles and desire the same benefits from their government. The following are examples of the principles referred to as signposts of democracy, which allow be engrossd throughout this lesson1. Citizen ParticipationOne of the most basic signposts of a democracy is citizen intricacy in government. Participation is the key fictional character of citizens in democracy. It is not plainly their right, but it is their duty. Citizen participation may subscribe to many forms including standing for election, voting in elections, becoming informed, debating issues, attending community or civic meetings, being members of private voluntary organizations, paying taxes, and compensate protesting. Participation builds a better democracy.2. Equality egalitarian societies emphasize the principle that all people are equal. Equality means that all individuals are valued equally, have equal opportunities, and may not be discriminated against because of their race, religion, ethnic group, gender or sexual orientation. In a democracy, individuals and groups still maintain their right to have antithetical cultures, personalities, languages and beliefs.3. policy-making ToleranceDemocratic societies are politically tolerant. This means that while the majority of the people rule in a democracy, the rights of the minority must be protected. People who are not in power must be allowed to organize and speak out. Minorities are sometimes referred to as the opposition because they may have ideas which are disparate from the majority. Individual citizens must also learn to be tolerant of each other.A popular society is often composed of people from different cultures, racial, religious and ethnic groups who have viewpoints different from the majority of the population. A democratic society is enriched by diversity. If the majority deny rights to and destroy their opposition, then they also destroy democracy. One goal of democracy is to make the best possible decision for the society. To achieve this, respect for all people and their points of view is take. Decisions are more likely to be accepted, stock-still by those who oppose them, if all citizens have been allowed to discuss, debate and question them.4. AccountabilityAs George Washington verbalise governing is not reason, it is not eloquence,it is a delineate Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master never for a moment should it be left to irresponsible action. In a democracy, elected and appointed officials have to be responsible to the people. They are responsible for their actions. Officials must make decisions and perform their duties according to the leave behind and wishes of the people, not for themselves. giving medication answerability means that public officials elected and un-elected have an obligation to explain their decisions and actions to the citizens. Government accountability is achieved through the use of a variety of mechanisms political, legal, and administrative designed to bobby pin back corruption and ensure that public officials remain answerable and accessible to the people they serve. In the absence of such mechanisms, corruption may thrive.The primary feather political accountability mechanism is free and fair elections. Fixed-terms of office and elections force elected officials to account for their performance and provide opportunities for challengers to offer citizens alternative indemnity choices. If electors are not satisfied with the performance of an official, they may vote them out of office when their terms expire. The degree to which public officials are politically responsible is a function of whether they occupy an elected versus appointed position, how often they are up for reelection, and how many terms they can serve.Legal accountability mechanisms acknowledge the whole legal frame fly the coop constitutions, legislative acts, decrees, rules, codes, and other legal instruments that command actions that public officials can  and cannot take and how citizens may take action against those officials whose acquit is considered unsatisfactory. An independent judiciary is an essential requirement for the success of legal accountability, religious service as a venue where citizens bring cl channelises against the government. Legal accountability mechanisms include Ethics statutes and codes of conduct for public officials, outlining unacceptable practices Conflict of interest and financial disclosure laws, requiring public officials to divulge the source of their income and assets so that citizens may justice whether the actions of those officials are likely to be influenced im gracefully by financial interests sun laws, providing the press and the public access to government records and meetings Citizen participation requirements, dictating that certain government Judicial reexamination, providing courts the power to review the decisions and actions of public officials and agencies. administrative accountability mechanisms include offices in spite of appearance agencies or ministries and practices within administrative processes designed to ensure that the decisions and actions of public officials account for the interest of the citizens. Administrative accountability mechanisms include Ombudsmen, responsible for tryout and addressing citizen complaints Independent auditors who scrutinize the use of public funds for signs of misuse Administrative courts, that hear citizens complaints closely agency decisions Ethics rules protecting so-called whistleblowers those within government who speak out about corruption or abuse of official authority from reprisals.5. TransparencyFor government to be accountable the people must be aware of what is happening in the country. This is referred to as foil in government. A vapourous government holds public meetings and allows citizens to attend. In a democracy, the press and the people are able to get information about what decisi ons are being made, by whom and why.6. Regular, Free and Fair ElectionsOne way citizens of the country express their volition is by electing officials to represent them in government. Democracy insists that these elected officials are chosen and peacefully removed from office in a free and fair manner. Intimidation, corruption and threats to citizens during or before an election are against the principles of democracy. In a democracy, elections are held regularly every so many years. Participation in elections should not be based on a citizens wealth. For free and fair elections to occur, most adult citizens should have the right to stand for government office. Additionally, obstacles should not exist which make it onerous for people to vote.Free and fair elections allow people living in a representative democracy to determine the political makeup and hereafter policy direction of their nations government. Free and fair elections emergence the likelihood of a peaceful transfer o f power. They help to ensure that losing candidates forget accept the validity of the elections results and cede power to the cutting government.Elections alone do not assure democracy since dictators can use the resources of the state to tamper with the election process. Free and fair elections require customary suffrage for all eligible men and women to vote democracies do not restrict this right from minorities, the disabled, or give it only to those who are literate or who own property. Freedom to register as a voter or run for public office. Freedom of speech for candidates and political parties democracies do not restrict candidates or political parties from criticizing the performance of the incumbent. Numerous opportunities for the electorate to receive objective information from a free press. Freedom to assemble for political rallies and fight downs. Rules that require party representatives to maintain a distance from polling places on election day election offi cials, volunteer poll deformers, and outside(a) monitors may process voters with the voting process but not the voting choice. An impartial or balanced system of conducting elections and verifying election results trained election officials must either be politically independent or those overseeing elections should be representative of the parties in the election. Accessible polling places, private voting space, define ballot boxes, and transparent ballot counting. Secret ballots voting by secret ballot ensures that an individuals choice of party or candidate cannot be used against him or her. Legal prohibitions against election fraud enforceable laws must exist to pr howevert vote tampering (e.g. double counting, ghost voting). Recount and logical argument procedures legal mechanisms and processes to review election processes must be established to ensure that elections were conducted properly.7. Economic FreedomPeople in a democracy must have some form of economic freedom. This means that the government allows some private ownership of property and businesses, and that the people are allowed to choose their own work and labor unions. The function the government should play in the economic system is open to debate, but it is generally accepted that free markets should exist in a democracy and the state should not totally subordination the economy. some argue that the state should play a stronger role in countries where great inequality of wealth exists due to past discrimination or other unfair practices.8. Control of the Abuse of PowerDemocratic societies try to prevent any elected official or group of people from misusing or abusing their power. One of the most common abuses of power is corruption. Corruption occurs when government officials use public funds for their own benefit or exercise power in an illegal manner. Various systems have been used in different countries to protect against these abuses. Frequently the government is st ructured to limit the powers of the branches of government to have independent courts and agencies with power to act against any illegal action by an elected official or branch of government to allow for citizen participation and elections and to check for police abuse of power.9. Accepting the Results of ElectionsIn democratic elections, there are winners and losers. Often the losers in an election believe so potently that their party or candidate is the best one, that they refuse to accept the results of the election. This is against democratic principles. The consequences of not accepting the result of an election may be a government that is ineffective and cannot make decisions. It may even result in violence which is also against democracy.10. Human RightsAll democracies strive to respect and protect the clement beings rights of citizens. Human rights mean those set that reflect respect for tender-hearted life and human dignity. Democracy emphasizes the value of every human being. Examples of human rights include freedom of expression, freedom of association, freedom of assembly, the right to equality and the right to upbringing. All human beings are born with inalienable rights. These human rights adorn people to pursue lives of dignity thusly, no government can carry them but all governments should protect them.Freedom, built on a butt of justice, tolerance, dignity, and respect regardless of ethnicity, religion, political association, or social standing allows people to pursue these fundamental rights. Whereas dictatorships deny human rights, free societies continually strive to attain them. Human rights are interdependent and indivisible they encompass unnumbered facets of human existence including social, political, and economic issues. Among the most commonly accepted are All people should have the right to express their ideas and opinions. All people should have the right to participate in government. Governments should create l aws that protect human rights while justice systems enforce those laws equally among the population. Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention, and twinge whether one is an opponent of the ruling political party, an ethnic minority, or even a common criminal is a basic human right. A professional police force respects all citizens as it enforces the laws of the nation. In ethnically diverse nations, religious and ethnic minorities should be free to use their language and maintain their traditions without fear of recrimination from the majority population. Governments should recognize the rights of minorities while respecting the will of the majority. All people should have the opportunity to work, earn a living, and support their families. Children deserve special protection. They should receive at least(prenominal)(prenominal) an elementary education, proper nutrition, and healthcare. To maintain human rights, citizens in any free society need to be vigilant. Citizen res ponsibility through a variety of participatory activities ensures that government remains accountable to the people. The family of free nations is committed to work toward protection of human rights. They formalize their commitment through a number of inter guinea pig treaties and covenants on human rights.11. Multi-Party SystemsIn order to have a multi-party system, more than one political party must participate in elections and play a role in government. A multi-party system allows for opposition to the party, which wins the election. This helps provide the government with different viewpoints on issues. Additionally, a multi-party system provides voters with a choice of candidates, parties and policies to vote for. Historically, when a country only has one party, the result has been a dictatorship. To tarry and protect individual rights and freedoms, a democratic people must work unneurotic to shape the government of their choosing. And the principal way of doing that is thr ough political parties. Political parties are voluntary organizations that link the people and their government. Parties recruit candidates and campaign to elect them to public office, and they mobilize people to participate in selecting government leaders.The majority party (or the party elected to control the offices of government) seeks to enact into law a number of different policies and programs. Parties of the opposition are free to criticize the majority partys policy ideas and offer their own proposals. Political parties provide a way for citizens to hold elected party officials accountable for their actions in government. Democratic political parties have faith in the principles of democracy so that they recognize and respect the authority of the elected government even when their party leaders are not in power. Like any democracy, members of various political parties reflect the diversity of the cultures in which they rise. Some are small and built around a set of pol itical beliefs. Others are organized around economic interests, or shared history.Still others are loose alliances of different citizens who may only come together at election time. All democratic political parties, whether they are small movements or large national coalitions, share the determine of compromise and tolerance. They know that only through broad alliances and cooperation with other political parties and organizations can they provide the leading and common vision that will win the support of the people of the nation. Democratic parties recognize that political views are fluid and changeable, and that consensus can often arise out of the clash of ideas and determine in peaceful, free, and public debate.The concept of the hardcore opposition is central to any democracy. It means that all sides in political debate however deep their differences share the fundamental democratic values of freedom of speech and faith, and equal protection under law. Parties that lose e lections step into the role of opposition confident that the political system will continue to protect their right to organize and speak out. In time, their party will have a chance to campaign again for its ideas, and the votes of the people. In a democracy, the struggle between political parties is not a fight for survival, but a competition to serve the people.12. The Rule of LawIn a democracy no one is above the law, not even a king or an elected President. This is called the rule of law. It means that everyone must pursue the law and be held accountable if they violate it. Democracy also insists that the law be equally, fairly and consistently enforced. This is sometimes referred to as due process of law. For much of human history, rulers and law were synonymous law was simply the will of the ruler. A first step away from such tyranny was the image of rule by law, including the notion that even a ruler is under the law and should rule by virtue of legal means. Democrac ies went except by establishing the rule of law. Although no society or government system is problem-free, rule of law protects fundamental political, social, and economic rights and reminds us that tyranny and lawlessness are not the only alternatives.Rule of law means that no individual, president or private citizen, stands above law. Democratic governments exercise authority by way of law and are themselves subject to laws constraints. Laws should express the will of the people, not the whims of kings, dictators, military officials, religious leaders, or self-appointed political parties. Citizens in democracies are willing to obey the laws of their society, then, because they are submitting to their own rules and regulations. arbiter is best achieved when the laws are established by the very people who must obey them. Under the rule of law, a system of strong, independent courts should have the power and authority, resources, and the prestige to hold government officials, even top leaders, accountable to the nations laws and regulations.For this reason, judges should be well trained, professional, independent, and impartial. To serve their undeniable role in the legal and political system, judges must be committed to the principles of democracy. The laws of a democracy may have many sources compose constitutions statutes and regulations religious and ethical teachings and cultural traditions and practices. Regardless of origin the law should shrine certain provisions to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens Under the requirement of equal protection under the law, the law may not be uniquely applicable to any single individual or group.Citizens must be secure from arbitrary arrest and unreasonable search of their homes or the seizure of their personal property. Citizens charged with crimes are entitled to a speedy and public trial, along with the opportunity to confront and question their accusers. If convicted, they may not be subjected to poiso nous or unusual punishment. Citizens cannot be forced to testify against themselves. This principle protects citizens from coercion, abuse, or torture and greatly reduces the temptation of police to employ such measures.13. notation of RightsMany democratic countries also choose to have a annotation of rights to protect people against abuse of power. A metre of rights is a list of rights and freedoms indorsementd to all people in the country. When a bill of rights becomes part of a countrys constitution, the courts have the power to enforce these rights. A bill of rights limits the power of government and may also impose duties on individuals and organizations.The role of the Non-governmental OrganizationsIn democracies, ordinary citizens may organize independent groups that serve the of necessity of the community or nation they live in and complement, supplement, or even challenge the work of the government. Such organizations are often called nongovernmental organizations, or NGOs, because they are not an extension of the governments offices. NGOs allow citizens to improve their society by advocating, educating, and mobilizing attention around major public issues and supervise the conduct of government and private enterprise. NGOs enable citizens from different backgrounds to learn to work together and build the skills, relationships, and trust necessary for good government. NGOs serve a great variety of citizen interests. They may act as social service providers, advocates for the surroundings or for living standards, work standards, or as the catalysts for democratic change. NGOs often represent the interests of those citizens who might otherwise be left out of national policy debates.They open the public discourse to people of all economic and social classes and to women and minorities. Funding for NGOs may come from individual private donations, private trusts and philanthropies, corporations, religious institutions, international institutions, oth er NGOs, sales of goods and services, and even governments. Governments and NGOs frequently work as partners. NGOs may provide local and regional expertise and power on the ground for implementation of government-funded projects. NGOs may be politically unaffiliated, or they may be based on partisan ideals and seek to upgrade a particular cause or set of causes in the public interest. In either model the key point is that NGOs should operate under minimal political control of states.NGOs check local and international programs in virtually all areas that contribute to the promotion of the principles of democracy, including Human rights  by promoting international standards and monitoring for violations and abuses. Rule of law through low-cost or free legal aid, educating all citizens regarding their rights, and advocating for legal reforms. Womens participation by preparing them for political participation and protecting them from socioeconomic discrimination. Civic educ ation through education programs focusing on the role of the citizen in a democratic and diverse society. A free press by promoting independent media, training journalists, and desktop standards for ethical journalism. Political party development through election monitoring by trained domestic observers and nonpartisan voter registration drives. Government accountability by conducting policy analysis and serving as watchdogs over governmental actions.Democracy in the EUThe substance is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons be to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail. These are universal values and not the values of the Europeans alone. Many countries in the world are recognising and implementing these values o r at least have written them down in one or the other form.In order to obtain the objectives of the compass north based on the afore-mentioned values, the European Union needs certain powers conferred in a legal framework. It is foreseen that these powers must be exercised using the Community method and specific instruments within a single institutional framework.But through the implementation of these universal values, the European Union has become already a success story that is making membership to the Union so very attractive to its neighbours and an example for other regions in the world=More citizens in Europe live in countries with competitive elections, political freedoms and respect for human rights than ever before. Part of this success story can be attributed undeniably to the process of European integration. Paradoxically, however, the European Union also finds itself increasingly the subject of general cynicism and dissatisfaction among its citizenry. Therefore, a be tter understanding of democracy has become vital at all levels of government, and in particular regarding the future of the EU itself.Proposals for the further democratisation of EU decision-making can be pieced together from at least the following four different dimensions of choiceIntergovernmental vs SupranationalUnder intergovernmental approaches, the EU is democratised through the elected institutions of its member states. In the contemporary EU, for example, each member country has to ratify any change to EU Treaties according to the democratic mechanism of its choice, with referendums being used in some cases and national parliamentary votes in others. In addition, most pregnant decisions have to be taken by the Council of Ministers on which all national governments are represented.Even with majority voting, this allows national parliaments scope to influence the development of EU policy and hold their governments responsible for their behaviour at Union level . They can r eview the negotiating positions of their governments before meetings of the Council of Ministers. They can scrutinise draft legislation, which has to be circulated to each national parliament in its own language at least 6 weeks before it is voted in the Council. They also have important discretion in deciding how EU acquis is to be transposed into national law, since directives only require member states to achieve certain results, without specifying the methods to be employed.Under supranational approaches, simply new democratic institutions are established at the European level. They are purpose-made for the EUs political system, and they operate with at least some consistency across the Union as whole. So, for example, the European parliament is directly elected by all adult citizens of the EU. Its powers, are direct to making law for the Union as a whole, and at scrutinising, criticising and authoritative the overall performance of Commission and Council in their role as th e EUs double-headed executive. In brief, it has the power to Approve or reject the member states choice of Commission and Commission President Dismiss the Commission on a double majority (two-thirds of votes cast, provided that those voting for a censure exemplify more than half of the Parliaments membership). The resignation of the Santer Commision in butt against 1999 undermined the argument that this was unlikely ever to happen. Reject legislation in some areas (Co-decision) and amend it in others (Cooperation). The increasing use of the former means that the EP approaches bicameral status with the Council in a political system where rule-making is, arguably, the main activity. Even the latter allows the EP to structure the choices that are subsequently available to the Council.As the anterior examples imply, the EU currently mixes and matches intergovernmental and supranational approaches to democratic politics.Consensus vs Majoritarian DemocracyMajoritarian democracy is w here decisions can be taken by a bare majority of the public or its representatives. Its proponents argue that any alternative amounts to minority rule.Consensus democracy is where the aim is to align policies with the preferences of the greatest number of citizens or their representatives, or else than with those of a elemental majority. Its defenders argue that any alternative allows minorities to be excluded and is not, therefore, rule by the people as a whole. Amongst examples of consensus democracy are the following Supermajoritarian decision-rules these require decisions to be approved by more than 50 per cent of representatives. At present the EU employs supermajorities twice over, in both the Council and the EP. Majority voting in the Council requires 71 per cent of the weighted votes of member states. Most powers of the EP can only be exercised on an absolute majority of its membership. Given normal judge of absenteeism this effectively means that a majority of around tw o-thirds is usually needed in the EP, as well as the Council of Ministers. Federal systems these parcel decision-making out between layers of government. It is rare for the EU to be the only body with powers in an issue area. It normally shares jurisdiction with national and sub-national authorities with which it has to co-ordinate its activities. Consociational systems these guarantee the participation of all main cultural units in the most important decisions of a political system. In the EU, for example, all governments nominate at least one Commissioner all member states have a seat on the Council and the opportunity to hold its rotating Presidency for a period of six months both Council and Parliament over-represent smaller member states in a manner that underlines the principle that it is national communities and not just citizens that are units of value in the EUs political system and even the Governing Council of the European profound Bank works on the principle one natio nal central bank, one vote.Direct vs Indirect DemocracyDirect democracy is where the people itself takes major decisions of government. The alternative is that they only exercise public control indirectly through appointed representatives. As will be seen below, this indication is mainly relevant to prescriptions for the democratisation of the EU, rather than to its current practice.Strategic vs communicatory DemocracyStrategic models of democracy presuppose that actors have clear and fit(p) views of their interests. The main goal of democratic institutions is then to find the most efficient means of aggregating the preferences of individuals into collective actions, albeit subject to various standards of fairness. Communicative models of democracy hold that preferences also need to be debated within the political system, either because they are not fully formed prior to a process of discussion, or because group action is so very different from individual action, both actually an d morally.A big question for the EU is whether it can develop a public sphere that all citizens can access as equals, and through the medium of which all points of view can be debated and compared. Connecting European citizens to one another and to EU institutions raises problems of language, media, party systems and the associational structure of society, almost all of which are presently organised to support national forms of democracy, rather than a European equivalent.The future of a strong European Union with 27 member states and more will only be possible if rules are implemented which make decisions more democratic, more transparent and thus more efficient.A good and democratic society in the European context is a society which is open to reforms or is able to become a better society I.e. an active civil society. The European gracious Society can give a new direction to politics. Politicians will then follow.Only a European Civil Society which is better informed about Eur opean values, objectives and challenges will give Europe a new impetus to the further democratic development of Europe.

East of eden essay

East of Eden, the Trash family shows predatory animal/ prey kins created when emotionality takes place within the novel. By definition emotionalism means the unwarranted expression or display of emotion and Steinbeck utilize this to create dynamic situations between his characters. Charles and Caleb have many of the same qualities and grew up with the same resentment caused by their fathers lack of attention and profuse omit plot there brothers, crack and Aaron (respectively), got wholly of the love and care.In Charles case he was push by a few events and exploded with a gratis(p) amount of anger and malice. Charles gave his soda water a pocket knife for his birthday and he never used It or seemed interested in it, while Adam got him a puppy that lived with him till he died. This hurt Charles and caused him to suspicion his brothers motives Youre trying to take him away (29) He screamed to Adam after supper. and this was only the beginning of the explosion. Soon Charles was w tout ensembleing on him, Adam felt the punches on temples, cheeks, and eyes (30).This Is a great example of how quickly emotionalism faeces turn a simple human relationship Into a primeval predator / prey situation. Then theres Caleb who, like Charles, got back at his brother, Aaron, because his dad favored Aaron over himself. After Adam shunned Caleb for his gift of 1 5,000 dollars Caleb, showed him his that his perplex wasnt dead and that she is a where. This crushed Aaron and he enlisted instead of dealing with the pain. Caleb victimised and hurt his brother when his emotions got the best of him.Cathy/Kate is known for her lack of motion and her moth-eaten out look of the world, entirely she be set outs a victim of herself. After Caleb and Aaron come to see her she Is more distraught and confused than before. Joe made it difficult on her because she had to figure out what he was doing and how he was going to do it. With two of these conflicts and her arthritis actin g up she was feeling more and more out of control. Kate put together her head down on the blotter between her crooked hands. She was arctic and desolate, she was alone and desolate. (552)And its not like her to let anyone control her situations, so she chose o kill herself.She shrunk Like Alice And her heart beat solemnly and her breathing slowed and she grew littler and smaller and then disappeared- and she had never been(554). She turned herself into the prey and the predator at the same time. Her emotions got the best of her and she paid for it with her life. Last but not to the lowest degree Adam became a victim of his emotions many times throughout the book, but overall he became a victim of Cathy. Once he heavy-handed for her, he only heard what he wanted to hear and everything was great. This Is all fine and good until she gives birth and Is ready o leave.When he tried to stop her She shot him. The heavy slug struck him In the elevate and flattened and tore out a piece of his shouldered. (202). This wouldnt have happened if Adam hadnt been so blind, due to his emotions, and saw through the false love they shared. In conclusion the Trash family was beaten and brutalized by their emotional tendencies. Steinbeck utilized this weakness in human nature to progress his book and develop his characters. They all become more believable through their flaws and the predator/prey relationship between the characters

The Systematic Investigation Into A Study Of Materials Education Essay

How is the male primary(a) shallowtime instructor grokd by male and egg-producing(prenominal) pupils?What be the f operateors act uponing the perceptual experiences of male pupils?What ar the factors act uponing the perceptual experiences of female pupils?How make male primary instructors study/respond to these perceptual experiences?Research can be loosely be as a signifier of systematic question that contributes to knowledge . 1 The Oxford Concise Dictionary defines enquiry asa. the systematic see into and check into of stuffs, beginnings, etc. , in order to set up facts and make refreshful decisions. b. an enterprise to detect new or collate old facts etc by the scientific heap of a theme or by a class of critical probe. 2 Peoples atomic number 18 non cognizant that they atomic number 18 an outlandish result of their development. That development came from their ability to joint their past cognition in either signifier of facts, experiences, premises for physic al phenomena, beliefs and their capableness to update and correct their former cognition and patterns. These atomic number 18 the grounds that man benign developed communication accomplishments like literacy, linguistic communication, developed doctrine and invented engineering. ( scoop up and Kahn 2006 3, 4 ) .Specifically, give and Kahn ( 2006 3, 4 ) m own(prenominal)tain that educational explore is the tool that instructors use to read and better their personal patterns in instruction and notice which pattern satisfactorys scoop up for them. A definition of educational explore is provided by Anthony G. Picciano Educational see to it into is a careful, systematic probe into all vista of instruction. From the Gallic give-and-take recherche , which bases to go through or study. 3 Cohen and Manion ( 2001 ) duty that educational explore helps the instructors broaden their teaching cognition and belowstand their works surround.The visualise actor mustiness b esides place the intimately earmark go out-alike in the research writings in order to protrude and put to decease the enquiry efficaciously. The research histrion should take his range of a function carefully in specifying the purposes and intents of his analyze.Qualitative ResearchThe research actor had to take between both chief look-alikes either logical positivism or phenomenological enquiry ( Best and Kahn 2006 246 ) . Best and Kahn ( 2006 79 ) fence that the logical-positivism paradigm is used for experimental and decimal research modes in instruction. Furthermore, Cohen et Al. ( 2001 8 ) assert that the logical positivism paradigm expresses the chief belief that the meaning of a domainment is, or is disposed(p) by the rule acting of its confirmation . The logical-positivism paradigm is a scientific method applicable for a vision concerned with bing and mensurable cognition, where the research histrion is an getr of the societal area . The results o f an enquiry based on that paradigm can be compared with Torahs like maxims ( Torahs ) that are constructed by natural scientific enquiries based on subjective generalisations and that use the same scientific methods as natural scientific disciplines to explicate the universe. The chief features of this peculiar paradigm are psychoanalysis, measuring and subjectiveness ( Cohen et al. 2001 8 ) . thusly, the logical positivism paradigm is beat out utilise in a quantitative analysis where the collected information is numerical.In contrast the phenomenological paradigm makes usage of interpretative research methodological analysiss ( Best and Kahn 2006 246 ) . This paradigm is best applied to soft research methodological analysiss. Erickson ( 1985, cited in Best and Kahn 2006 246 ) kind of uses the bourne interpretative , which is the whole planetary house of brush ups to participant experimental research . Bogdan and Biklen ( 2007 25 ) clear up this by saying that in the p henomenological elbow room , research doers essay to understand occurrences in the mundane life of h whizzy oil people in particular fortunes they try to happen out the people s shew of position and substantiate an entry into their specific environment. The failing of positivism is its inability to look into military man behavior successfully, as Cohen et Al. ( 2001 9 ) underscore. Denscombe ( 2007 ) recommends the usage of the phenomenological paradigm to cover with this failing. Surveies utilizing the phenomenological paradigm by Bogdan and Biklen ( 2007 25 ) begin with silence , as the research worker seeks to detect the personal apprehensions of the participants, leting contrasting cognition and assorted perceptual experiences to be given by different participants in the same peculiar reconcile of affairs. With this paradigm a soft flaming to roll uping and analyzing informations is roughly appropriate. here qualitative informations consists chie go of words kin d of than Numberss. Patton ( 1990, cited in Best and Kahn 2006 247 ) asserts that qualitative research uses three ways of roll uping information in-depth, open-ended discourses, run poster and written paperss .On the footing of these considerations I found that the phenomenological informative paradigm the most convenient for the intents of this small-scale empirical survey concentrating on pupils personal perceptual experiences of their male instructors. It testament try to ditch evident radiation on the vox populis, sentiments and beliefs pupils have sing their male instructors in a Cypriot primary coach. Important decisions can be drawn from this survey like the significanceance of the male instructor in primary coach and his existing function as a leader by gender. and so, the phenomenological interpretive paradigm was the champion elect for this enquiry.Qualitative attack Case surveyMy research focuses on pupils perceptual experiences of male instructors in an anon. Greek-Cypriot primary school. The rational harmonizing to the literary works points to the usage of a phenomenological interpretive paradigm, and the survey should be conducted in a qualitative research personate. I will apply qualitative methodological analysis as my survey focuses on kids s perceptual experiences, thoughts, ideas and feelings kinda than their public presentation in school.Harmonizing to OBrien thither are five types of qualitative methodological analysis to take from these are event survey, grounded theory, phenomenology, descriptive anthropology and historical surveies. 4 In contrast Flick ( 2006 ) presents four qualitative research methodological analysiss instance survey, longitudinal survey, comparing survey and eventually retrospective survey. However, this chapter does non mean to spread out and explicate the usage of these schemes as it would be foreign the range of this survey. Alter immanently, I would prefer to briefly explain and warran t my chosen methodological analysis.The chosen methodological analysis for this survey is fact survey . As Merriam ( 1998 ) , Yin ( 1989 ) and Stake ( 1994 ) ( cited in Bogdan and Biklen 2007 59 ) explain, it is a elaborate scrutiny of one scene, or a soul topic, a individual depositary of paperss, or one peculiar event conducted in existent action trimming, change an analysis of the grounds for and the after-effects of the incident ( Cohen et al. 2001 181 ) . Supporting the attack of Bogdan and Biklen, bell ( 2005 10 ) and Cohen et Al. ( 2001 181 ) province that one of the strengths of the instance survey is that helps the research worker to cast light in deepness on a specific facet of the job and allows for generalisation. It is a narrowed and cogitate research method with a individual model, such as a kid or conclave of kids, a year or a concourse of categories, an educational administration ( Cohen et al. 2001 181 ) . In my instance, the probe will take topographic point in a school. The intent of my research is to look into in deepness the perceptual experiences by a group of kids of their male instructors in a school environment. I shall carry on the enquiry in existent clip as I am determined to see the school during term clip and gather informations utilizing informations collection tools, such as converses. Cohen et Al. ( 1984 184 ) argue that instance surveies allow general regulations to be made from the survey of an instance in action . In my sentiment, a instance survey would be the most appropriate signifier for my survey as it is strong in world ( Cohen 2001 ) and will assist me to look into in deepness the existent perceptual experiences of a group of pupils in the mark school in Cyprus.As a non really experient research worker I feel a instance survey will be a really sizeable tool appropriate either for new or experient research workers ( Bogdan and Biklen 2007 ) . more specifically Best and Kahn ( 2006 259 ) argue that a i nstance survey is a good method of assemblage and showing informations in hunt of the existent truth, and of carry oning an probe which aims to show the existent view of societal world, as I plan to make.The literature closely the instance survey method I have cited makes me recognize that some of the definitions and accounts around its usage fit the range of my research in a precise mode. It is clear that showcase survey is ideal as a methodological analysis to observe alone qualitys, which whitethorn non be possible to supervise or control in large-scale informations surveies, such as those utilizing studies or questionnaires and a non-participant method in general.The instance survey method besides demands the engagement of the research worker and the savor.My survey examines a fact within the model of a school embodied in the Cypriot educational system. Therefore, its features to the full parcel out with the features of instance survey methodological analysis. The inst ance survey methodological analysis does hold some failings, neverthe little, that the research worker should be cognizant of. Because my probe is largely being conducted in existent clip at that place is non the plectron of reaching the sample once more to cross-check consequences. Therefore, the consequences of the research could be seen as subjective and biased , given that the survey is qualitative ( cost 2005 11 Cohen et al. 2001 184 ) . In add-on, research workers can be influenced by their ain beliefs and prejudice, so the consequences are influenced by subjectiveness. Although non much can be through to enable cross-checking, the research worker can seek to avoid twisting in the consequences. The research worker should seek non to be influenced by his ain perceptual experiences and besides non uncover his ain sentiment and thoughts to avoid act uponing those in the sample and to promote them to state what they really think.An separate parapet that the research worker should see concerns generalisation. Whilst the instance survey method permits this, it may non be possible as most of the clip the incident under probe is alone and drawn from the life itself ( campana 2005 1 Cohen et al. 2001 184 Bassey 1999 ) . Denscombe ( 1998 36-7 ) argues that the completion to which findings from the instance survey can be generalized to other illustrations on the category depends on how far the instance survey illustration is similar to others of its type. However, the phenomenon I am look intoing is normally found in the literature and amongst academic research workers. It would be possible to reiterate an probe of this kind in the same school or in a different school environment. This should non be a job as Greek-Cypriot schools present unanimity in a inning of factors pupil beginning and staff employee turnover and staff instruction. The topic is besides rather typical and, in world, non so alone. Generalization in this instance is executable, wh ilst the consequences of this research can move as a pilot if another research worker wishes to carry on a similar survey.There have been several similar probes of instructors and pupils perceptual experiences in Cypriot primary schools. Examples can be found in the Library of the University of Cyprus, ( mentions ) . Research in primary schools has about been a modal value in the past 20 old agesDespite the disadvantages, I weigh that case survey is the most appropriate methodological analysis for this state of affairs as it is one of the chief methodological analysiss for a qualitative attack utilizing the coveted paradigm. There are certain methods to put to closing the research and roll up the information, which will be presented in the succeeding(prenominal) subdivision.SampleI have chosen the sample harmonizing to the disposition of my survey. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, the sample of the pupil population should non be chosen wholly indiscriminately. In quantitative research the sample is selected indiscriminately with the purpose of garnering informations from the surface of a large population. In a qualitative research model consume is a deliberate instead than haphazard method of choosing topics and is important if we loss to carry on the research with samples that are more representative of the topic and fortunes ( Cohen et al. 2008 Best &038 A Kahn 2006 25 ) .As this is a instance survey, it should be conducted in the school environmen I chose a primary school on the outskirts of the metropolis. Detailss of the school were non antecedently known to me. The school was chiefly chosen as a affair of convenience and practicality as it is the nearest primary school to the vicinity where my household lives. I was cognizant that some of my household members tended to(p) at that place ten old ages ago, but I knew nonentity else beyond this. I did non hold any personal information about the school besides because I have been abroad for more than football team old ages. Therefore, I can claim non to be biased against the school.The school is administered by the Ministry of Education, as are most of the schools in Cyprus. All the primary schools in Cyprus are established to educate people of either farming to a high criterion. That being said, the people and civilization from topographic point to topographic point can be different. Therefore, there is a mountain range of schools from those with a homogenous Greek-Cypriot individuality to those with kids whose immigrant backgrounds have small if anything in common land with the state, set uping a new civilization which is comparatively unfamiliar to the native Cypriots. Teachers instruction in Cyprus is considered to be high and, even though instructors may be from different states and universities, their public presentation is purely assessed. Merely those who are qualified, effectual in the schoolroom and undergo uninterrupted appraisal are allowed to rehearse as instructors. As a consequence the chosen school was on a flat playing field with every other school in Cyprus.The sample participants were chosen indiscriminately harmonizing to age. Children that were 7 and 12 old ages old were chosen as an ideal sample. quartette kids from the second category ( 2 male childs and 2 misss ) and four kids from the last category ( 2 male childs and 2 misss ) were chosen. Two male childs and two misss were chosen from the second category in order to look into the perceptual experiences of the youngest kids. The 2nd category ( class 7 ) was preferred to the first category ( twelvemonth 6 ) as it is non possible for kids from the first category to hold any perceptual experiences about male instructors as they are fledglings to primary schooling. Four students from the 6th category, the concluding category of the primary instruction system ( twelvemonth 12 ) , were chosen in order to happen out the perceptual experiences of the older schoo l kids. In order to accomplish cogency I sought the same proportion of male childs and misss ( 4 + 4 ) ( Bell 1999 ) . Four instructors participated in the survey two male instructors and two female instructors. Their age or length of service was non so much an anesthetise, although it was of import they were non fledglings. The male instructors were chosen in order to happen out how they thought they are perceived by their pupils. The female instructors were interviewed about how they think the pupils perceive their male instructors. Useful comparings could be drawn subsequently in the analysis.I had to obtain mandate from the disposal office of the country, the Director General of Education, Mrs Zena Pouli, and the free grace of the Ministry of Education. The principal of the school had to be informed about the yearss and times of the research and allow me carry on the research.Despite the disadvantages, I believe that case survey is the most appropriate methodological analysis for this state of affairs as it is one of the chief methodological analysiss for a qualitative attack under the coveted paradigm. There are certain methods to put to death the research and roll up the information, which will be presented in the succeeding(prenominal) subdivision.Data Collection ToolsMy informations will be gathered utilizing a qualitative attack and ( readd/assessed ) harmonizing to the interpretive paradigm. The purpose of the research is to garner the thoughts, perceptual experiences and positions of the participants, both kids and instructors, so the usage of qualitative tools is indispensable. The chief research tools used in my survey are interview and observation. The usage of both interview and observation are the two of the three major methods for garnering informations. These three methods are asking inquiries ( and earreach intently to the replies ) , detecting events ( and observing carefully what happens ) and reading paperss ( Bassey 1999 81 ) . bo th methods were used together because they offered a agencies for cross-checking informations what people say they think or do may non be the same as what they really do ( Robson 2002 310, cited in Cohen et Al. 2007 396 ) . By observation the research worker can look into if the thoughts and perceptual experiences of the sample are the same as what the sample studies in the interviews. Therefore, I argue that the usage of both tools helped me derive a better thought of what is go oning in pattern and topographic point actions the sample may non be cognizant of cited in ( Foster 1996 ) .ObservationObservation is one of the characteristic tools for garnering information in instance surveies. Case surveies aim to observe an mavin social unit, a group of people, an establishment or a larger group of people. Research by observation in a qualitative model is defined by Best and Kahn ( 2006 264 ) and Basey ( 2005 ) as a digest of enlarge notation of behaviors, events, and the context e nvironing the events and behaviours .Harmonizing to Cohen et Al ( 2007 258 ) , the intent of observation is to probe deep and to analyze intensively the many-sided phenomena that constitute the life rhythm of the unit with a position to set up generalisations about the wider populations . Cohen et Al. ( 2007 396 ) further argue that observation gives the research worker a opportunity to roll up live informations from reliable societal state of affairss. Therefore, it is preferred for the research worker to utilize this powerfull excessively to analyze events and collect the relevant information first-hand instead than from a secondary beginning. The research worker besides needs to recognise the sort of the observation method to be used as they deviate in footings of construction and the participatory function of the research worker. I opted for semi-structured, non-participant observation, as I did non mean to take portion in events. The semi-structured method was sedulous f or this research because some issues were still unfastened, despite the focal point of the research and look intoing factors being clear. The research worker had an thought of a figure of things that he wanted to detect, but he did non cognize what else to anticipate. Therefore, a semi-structured observation provided the research worker with the freedom to descry and enter inside informations that other would hold been overlooked or omitted cited in Denscombre ( 2007 ) .New ChankAny observation research that has a sort of construction it is besides be schedule cited in Bell ( 2006 188 ) and Descombre ( 2007 ) . Denscombre ( 2007 210 ) moreover argues that the research worker will happen the certain things , seek and worth of inclusion for in his docket.The same author highlight the immensity of the absence of subjectiveness in the observation where it is gained by the systematic scheduled observation. thereof it is cited that the ever limited clip can be arrange by the agenda a nd assist the research worker to remain focused on the issues that the observation is held for cited in Denscom ( 2007 214 ) .The research worker besides intends to utilize the non-participant theoretical account as he plans non to take part as an perceiver. His purpose is to insulate the personal perceptual experiences of the pupils to their male instructors so there is non any topographic point of him as a participant which any effort of being take part could act upon the behaviour of the pupils and so bias the information, The research worker as Denscombe ( 2007 214 ) suggests, purposes to do his present every bit discreet as possible. This will add to the cogency because the research worker will be more objectivite to the jadgement of any facts that they will happen as an 3rd individual instead as an participant. Whilst the research workers must hold in head that the thirster he stays in the schoolroom and being seeable, the more their presence is taken for granted and the less they have any important consequence on continuing . Therefore it is of import that the perceiver should give some clip to the schoolroom environment to acquire usage of his discreet nowadays and after he is manipulate that he is recognized so he should get down the observation.In order to avoid any errors or skips the research worker programs to fly the observation and add to the agenda. To make more cogency the research worker programs to inquire the sentiment of his supervisor and one of the instructors. Besides he will demo the information to one of the instructors and the supervisor in order to look into them and state their sentiment on them.InterviewsTraveling farther the research worker had chosen the usage of the Interviews as a tool. Aiming to garner qualitative informations about percpeptions, emotions thoughts and analyse them interview as a tool seemed good plenty for the intents of this survey. The research worker must aware though that despite they do non look like something more than an preservation, they involve a set of premises and apprehensions about the state of affairs which are non usually associated with a insouciant confabulation able to bring forth usefull information for any enquiry, Denscombre ( 1983 ) , Silverman ( 1985 ) , ( cited in Denscobre ( 2007 173 ) ) . Therefore despite interview is a sort of construction preservation there is besides a protocol that must be followed. There is common consent between the interviewee and the interviewer in an official meeting and the recording is non arcanum in any manner. Besides the informations are scarcely for the record and the schedulule. Thus the issues to be discussed are set by the research worker, Denscombe ( 2007174 ) .Merely appellation the usage of the Interview as a method is non plenty as there are different types of research Interview. Harmonizing to Denscombe ( 2007 175 ) there are the constructions interviews the semistructured and Unstrructured interviews. Cohen ( 2 007355 ) besides add the non-directive interview and the focussed interview. In fact Cohen et Al ( 2007352 ) argues that in the literature are mentioned many different types of interview .The semistructured interview, one-to one interview was selected as the purpose of this survey is to hold an indeapth thought of the perceptual experiences of the pupils but in a research model. Despite that the research worker has a clear que of inquiries to be answered in the semistryctured interview will be ready to allow the samples go their thoughts where is appropriate. The one-to one interview, the most common of the variaties of semi-structured interviews, was selected as it is easy to put, control and garner the informations as each clip is merely one individual to interviewee. Descambe ( 2007177 )Unstructured interview was avoided as an option as it require clip and the technique was looked irregular as it dictate the expand of an issue from the sample without any counsel at all incorp orated interview as a method besides rejected as it does nt roll up the autonomy to the sample to state any of his thoughts. It is soar and the samples have to reply inquiries that the replies are limited. Descambe ( 2007 175 ) . Therefore it is non appropriate at all as the research aims to garner reliable perceptual experiences instead than allow the participants to reply inquiries with preschelued limited options.I will state what I did subsequently what I did in the research.New Chank 2Datas AnalysisThere is no individual or right manner to analyse and show the information how one does it should stay by the issue of fittingness to aim ( Cohen et al 2007461 ) . The qualitative informations analysis may be detailed and rich though the transition is really heavy and painfull due to the multiple readings that the research worker should do to bring forth his analysis, doing this process the research workers glory and besides head ache together, cited in Cohen et Al ( 2007461 ) . The research worker will categorise the informations from interview written texts and notes along with the issues that he is look intoing. Then the research worker programs to interpet the information with the literature reappraisal findings.Ethical IssuesEthical issues are compiled in this research survey as and in all the enquiries. The survey was applied from blessing from the Ministry of Eduacation of the state and the General Director of the Education. Along the principal had to be informed about the research and take his blessing excessively. The parents should besides be informed about the research as the mark of the research is to interview and observe kids. The sample of the instructors should besides hold to take part. One of the most of import issues is to allow the privateness of the participants for grounds of ages or by their petition. This issue it can be addressed by namelessness and confidentiality, cited in Cohen et Al ( 2007 64,65 ) . The individuality of the participants is unbroken hidden as the reference and the name of the school. though the samples have non objection to give their existent informations to the section of Education to the University of Leicester as long that they will non print. Refering that the research worker has to cover with kids particular manner of attack should be study particularly when they are interviewed.

Edgar Allen Poe Essay

Five Paragraph search Have you ever wondered about Edgar Allen Poes literary elements or themes? aim the stories called The Tell-Tale Heart , The Cask of Amontillado , Annabell Lee, and The Bells . Poes desired effects was to fright the audience from the story, Poe used a writing style called gothic execration. The original literary element seen by Poe was death. In the story of The Cask Of Amontillado the Fortunado suffocates . some early(a) death occurs in the story of The Tell-Tale Heart , when the narrator kills the over-the-hill existence in the middle of the night.The story called The Bells the mother died of a disease. Poe creates horror because the deaths in the stories are unexpected. The second literary element seen by Poe was obsession. The Cask of Amontillado the Montresor is ghost with getting his revenge. In The Tell-Tale Heart the narrator is obsessed over the old mans eye. The story of Annabell Lee he was obsessed with his wife. This creates h orror because obsession is not a usual thing seen in other stories. The third literary element seen by Poe was insanity. The Tell-Tale Heart the narrator goes wild over the old mans eye. The story The Bells , the people in the town grow insanity from bells chiming.

Queen Elizabeth Essay

The Taming of the Shrew, written by William Shakespeare between 1589 and 1594, is a sentimentalist comedy set in the Italian city of Padua. Since the ladder was written, the hearings idea of comedy has changed quite dramatically. In the fifteen hundreds, an audition would have enjoyed obvious, visual aspects of comedy such as we would see in a modern-day pantomime, whereas an audience watching the play today would besides enjoy less obvious aspects such as sarcasm, irony and prohibitionist humour. Shakespeare, although aware of Queen Elizabeths position as a strong and independent wo firearm, also had to fulfil the expectations of the time.This is why the feminist of the play comes aside Tamed at the end. Women were expected to be obedient to men, whether husband, father or elder, in the same way as commoners were subservient to the King and aristocracy, a model of society often referred to as the Great Chain of Being. This power structure supported belief in the Divine Right of Kings and, similarly, in mans superiority to woman. The fact that the play is set in Italy however strengthens the link with the Italian customs of Commedia dellArte, one of the major influences on modern pantomime.The subject of The Taming of the Shrew who shall have sovereignty in sum is also part of a long and well established tradition in English literature offering many opportunities for comedy, for example Chaucers Wife of Baths Tale and Noahs wife in the Medieval Mystery Plays. The play is primarily about love and celebrate between husband and wife, though there are many early(a) underlying themes the relationship between master and servant, violence, and oppression, sexual compatibility, marriage and its secular assets, family, and the relationship between appearance and reality.As the title suggests, the play follows the struggles of Petruchio and Katherina in courtship and marriage Petruchio takes on the challenge of marrying the famed Shrew, cognize in Padua for her scolding tongue and uninviting attitude, and by the end of the play manages to tame her. It sheds light on the belief of the time that women should be exclusively obedient toward their masters, and that Kate realizes she will get nowhere resisting men and relents to Petruchios authority.

Monday Morning

Mon sidereal day Mornings It is said by some that on Mondays, it is the hardest day of the week. subsequently two days of resting, Saturdays and Sundays, many dis equal, Monday mornings, almost often when they have to get up early to go to put to cash in ones chips for eight hours and or more. School I have assembly? OH I would exclaim with the most amount of disappointment. Now as a tutor we would all have to stand up and now for a picayune more than thirty (30) minutes, we would have to listen to the principle, Fr. Gregory Augustine, give the results or babble about the problems of what took place that week in enlighten.After, the rest of the day bumps same(p) an entire week at school. My mother, Lauretta, for one, dis standardizeds Monday mornings, Period . She al tracks claimed that she solo goes belief the process( working on Mondays) to get me thought my school historic period by that she means she goes to work on a Monday to put me thought school. Monday morning s for her is ordinarily a tiring one. Laurettas maxim of Mondays is that its the first working day of the week and usually its where you falsify for the week , getting up early , and then prepare meals for the children and ironing the childrens clothes.After she heads down to the office, picks up two colleagues on the way and drives, from Arima to Chaguanas . Boy, this must have been tiring for her. There are many things people around the world could tell you about their time/ experiences on Mondays. After Sundays resting, its always hard to get up early to go to work. * INTERVIEW Why go to work on a Monday if we ferret out it to be a problem? Some 89. 26 % of humans out there said that they do it for the money . Susan Espinoza, says that if she dupet go to work she will be begging for a job.There are some people who are different, Sheila Richardson, is one who finds Thursday to be the hardest day of the week. Mondays and Fridays are, The easiest days of the work week She excl aimed. In Fatima College we will find that there are some people who hunch over Mondays, Greg, for one loves Mondays for he gets to tell his crew all what took place that pass . He said in his interview that he will love his passs un uniform Sylvia on the Friday. To me weather a holiday falls on a Friday and or a Monday, I am glad for the holiday given and any way you ake it ,IT WILL STILL BE A LONG WEEKEND. Jelani said that his mother makes him come to school and if he got the hazard he would stay home every Monday. This taught is of no good to anybody for his future(a) I feel there is no good. In this essay, you will be able to see that not everyone is not the same. Some may like Mondays and others may not. A person once told me that if she could take a sick leave every Monday, she will be more than delicious too. Sylvia Espinoza doesnt like Mondays for it is too close to Sundays .She expresses that if she doesnt go to work she will lose her job and will be out of sick leav e. She also said she wishes to turn Mondays. into Sundays She doesnt like Mondays precisely will prefer holidays on Friday for three days of resting. The par was made that Sundays are red, while Mondays are taught as Blue. This is because blue is seen as a sad colour for many. Regardless of if you like Mondays or not, the truth is it comes across like this. If I was to change or put three days of resting (Saturday.Sunday and Monday) as our weekends we will find that almost 90 part of our population will and or grow to hate/dislike Tuesdays. This saying is something in our heads/minds which is not bad but yet not very healthy for us, for it is proven that some 0. 04 percent of people around the world lose their jobs for this taught and or act. The INTERVIEW FOR THIS TOPIC. Questions Do you like Monday mornings? Why do we find it so tiring? Do you find it to be the longest day of the work week? Why do we find it to be the longest day of the week?When would you prefer a holiday on a Friday or a Monday for the LONG WEEKEND? Do you go to work on a Monday Morning? Why go to work on a Monday if we find it to be a problem? Why you think Monday is much(prenominal) a hated day? Interviews Susan Espinoza Sheila Richardson Patrice Espinoza Charleen Murphy Lydia Doolam. Greg felician Jelani Ellis Sylvia Espinoza Lauretta Espinoza Neil Espinoza INTRODUCTION I , Noel Neil Espinoza was not tired, but concerned why my mother(Lauretta Espinoza), always disliked Sunday Evenings because she knew that then next day was Monday and how she HATED Mondays .I took it upon myself to write a six ampere-second and eighty seven worded essay on why PEOPLE disliked MONDAYS SO MUCH I took a little over a week to do this with some intense interviews and a lot of research, this reputation was born and discovered. We know that some people are different and feel different ways about different things. I interviewed my neighbourhood and my school Fatima College and we thank everyone who g ave an input to make this story as beautiful as it is . This story is (? ) three, quarters, of facts and (1/4)one quarter fiction.

Health care Essay

Leaders atomic number 18 the key wad for any organizations success, for they play an important role in directing and influencing how employees work. Leaders have a lot to do in order to promote healthy conduct by employees for instance in a health organization, leaders wishing to influence workers in aside such that they maintain their healthy behavior at hand. Since health is a very sensitive issue, it needs a lot of concentration as pertains the behaviors of the employees. Leaders need to effect financial incentives to the workforce to gain ground health behavior.This incentive tends to upgrade the health of the employee through reduction in the try that he/she would have faced. This also have an impact on the stooge and efficiency on the output. For a health organization for instance, workers impart turn better result for they are comfortable. There should be provision of tools that encourage safety and wellness. This helps to improve the health of the worker throughout the working period. With widely distributed fitness, the worker is healthy at the same time able to conduct well when it comes to delivering, urgency and proficiency.Leaders need to involve senior centering in promoting emotional health and productivity. Since the management is the one that is much closing to the workforce and are the ones implementing strategies, in campaigning for this will make it attainable for the out come to be a good healthy behavior from the work force. Leaders need to offer economical incentives for the betterment of the lives of the workers. When it comes to economic wellbeing, one needs to find social amenities with ease.When assisting workers in their work load as providers of their houses through gaining from the economies of scale the health organization gets, workers will access appliances easily thus enabling them to get what they need utmost cheaply. This will make their life well as they have the full fare affordably thus better health. Be tter health leads to better behavior. Leaders need to educate employees on safety at work. This tends to ensure they get to love how to handle things with care as health organization tend to live with lots of risky items.With their knowledge on this, they will tend to line up correct communications protocol with respect thus remaining discipline. With correct protocol follower, they will never be infected thus which means they are adhering to the healthy behavior taught by the responsible body. Health care is a broad field that deals with lives of individuals. For the preparation of interviews, many areas need to be cover for the exact and discrete information to be unveiled. For my analysis, I will parcel out my interview questions directed to the health care interviewees. It will be categorised into five major items that need to be emphasized on.

Hostel Management

Hostel Management Abstract For the past few eld the number of educational institutions is change magnitude rapidly. Thereby the number of hostels is also increasing for the accommodation of the students studying in this institution. And hence there is a rope of strain on the person who argon running the hostel and softw ares are not usually used in this context. This particular project deals with the problems on managing a hostel and avoids the problems which occur when carried manually . Hence to reduce the incumbrance on the person handling this.It includes some of the following features. RULES AND REGULATIONS In this the rules and regulations of the hostels are given in expand. HOSTEL FACILITES In this the enlarge of facilities provided in the hostels are given in detail. ACCOMODITY This deals with the total no. of rooms available with the details of total no. of students accommodating in a room. Here the details of equipment provided are also listed. WARDENS AND TEACHING supply DETAILS It deals with the details of the wardens.Here the details of the teaching staff are also mentioned with details of their mess calculations ,etc. STAFF DETAILS The staff working in the hostel and their salary calculation,leave,etc give the bounce be attained from this section. The existing system of hostel management is through with(p) manually which is an ineffective manner. This way of managing the hostels has many limitations. The chances of occurring errors are more. So the records must be accurate, informative and dynamically updated. TIME CONSUMING HUMAN error SLOW PROCESS BACKUP POOR QUALITY DATA discrepancy This is a software created for the purpose of managing all the works of a hostel in a most efficient manner. The project includes all the basic events carried out in a hostel like mess tool calculation, daily voucher etc. The software keeps a close spark advance on the number of inmates, teaching staff, non -teaching staff. Room details and st udent adjustment are also included. The project is a complete software case for hostel management.

Al Barzakh – Life after Death in Islam

Death is eternal. It is the biggest truth, the ultimate reality that we are born to face. fit in to the Holy al-Quran Every soul shall father a essay of death. Hence, death is inevitable and its time and place is determined even earlier we are born.The following verse from the Holy Quran proves that at that place is sustenance by and by death And do not speak of those who are off in Allahs way as dead nay, (they are) alive, but you do not perceive (2154).Al Barzakh is an Arabic term which means barrier or veil. The articulate barrier implies the intermediary stage in the midst of death and the day of resurrection. As the Holy Quran mentions Between them is a Barzakh (Barrier) which they do not intermit (Ar-Rahman 20).Those who are alive cannot communicate with those who are in their graves. In return, the deceased cannot hear or see what happens in this founding. To ask them for forgiveness is a sin since Allah alone has the power to forgive us. Life in this world and living in the grave are separate and the wall between them cannot be crossed (Islam, 2008).LifeHuman beings are curious and the mysteries of breeding and death have always fascinated them. Unlike death, life sentence can be scientifically proven. Life for all human beings begins in his mothers womb. later on forty days of conception, life exists in the womb, and after another fourscore days, life is blown into the piece of flesh and blood. At this time, the persons deeds, destiny, religion and time of death are determined. Since Allah gives us our lives, He has the fix right to take it away as and when He pleases.DeathDespite being the superior truth of our lives, death remains one of the biggest mysteries. Belief in life after death is crucial to being a true believer. The late(a) demise of my father intrigued me to answer certain questions about death. Life after death exists in a metaphysical world. It is questioned by people because it cannot be scientifically proven. Howe ver, there is sufficient proof of it in the Holy Quran and in the sayings of the Holy Prophet (al-Jibaly, 2006).When a Muslim dies, he is bathed and confined in a clean white cloth, after which he is buried. Prayers are offered at a persons death for his forgiveness. According to an converse conducted with a Muslim scholar, death is a transition that takes us from life that is temporary to life that is eternal. Life in the world is just there to prepare us for the life in the hereafter. It is then that actual and substantive life begins. For those who did good in their lives, they will be rewarded with a life in paradise beyond their imagination (al-Jibaly, 2006).According to the Muslim scholar interviewed, when a person dies, he does not take his wealth with him into the grave. The only things he takes with him are his deeds. And it is his deeds that determine his final destination, that is, heaven or hell.

A Case of identity Essay

Through a comparison of A casing of identity and The Stolen Cigar flake discuss how successful Bret Harte is in parodying Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. There are two forms of police detective explanation there is the who dunnit idea in which gentlemen detectives are c all(prenominal)ed upon in all sorts of impossible situations, but always manage to solve the crime. In this type, the proofreader has a good idea of who committed the crime however, the characters in the story dont. The other type of story is a mystery, in which incomplete reader nor investigators know who is responsible for the crime together with the characters, the reader overly is invited to figure out the sequence of events.In the Sherlock Holmes stories the focus is on the character of the detective himself (Sherlock Holmes) and follows the story of him solving a mystery. Sherlock Holmes (S.H) was a legendary figure as he was the very first fancied detective his stories were written in the Victorian times by the generator Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The S.H stories have many common features. For example S.H is reden to be very thoroughly organised and by the end, his efforts have concluded in solving the mystery/crime. This has made it easier for Bret Harte to parody Conan Doyles style he uses many resembling features like the same old fashioned language and also in having Sherlock Holmes or Hemlock Jones (as he is called in the parody), portrayed as a very precise, eccentric detective.In the original story, we are told of how scarper Mary Sunderland goes to S.H to hear Mr Hosmer Angel-her missing bridegroom-who disappeared on the day of their wedding. S.H manages to find this man, so uncovering the fact that it is her step-father in disguise In the parody The Stolen Cigar outcome, Hemlock Jones (H.J) accuses Watson of stealing his cigar case and constructs an elaborate/exaggerated story to nurture his point, only to find he had misplaced itIn A Case of Identity Watson is t he narrator, who, as he is some what nave, has to have things explained to him this assists the reader. He tries to work out S.Hs process of deduction, often unsuccessfully, so S.H explains in a straightforward manner through Watson to the reader. He takes the role of the pupil and is a necessary link between Sherlock and the reader. As we odor at things from Watsons point of view we are able to see how S.H unravels the cases and solves the crimes. S.H is revered greatly by Watson likewise readers also come to admire him as an exponent of ratiocination.Throughout the story, the impression is given that S.Hs forward clients have all been people high up in orderliness as he had a little souvenir from the king of Bohemia in return for Sherlock helping him with a case. He has many worthful belongings, many of which have been gifts from wealthy clients of his such as his snuff-box of gold. He also refers to similar cases to the ones he is working on You will find parallel cases, if you consult my index, in Andover in 77. This also shows that he is an experienced detective with a powerful memory and someone in whom one can have faith.

The Changing Demographics of Nursing

The face of cargon for has been changing over the last 50 years. Women who a half a century ago would only ply as nannys until they married are now ending up as nursing managers and administrators, moving out of the practical field. . But still it has been historied that the age of the nursing custody has increased over the last take up of a century, and fewer younger people are entering the nursing profession.In fact, at the time of the survey by the Bureau of health Professions in 1997, baby boomers (those born between 1947 and 1962) were the largest comp angiotensin-converting enzyment of the nursing workforce and at the current time only nine percent of registered treasures are younger than 30 years of age (Santucci, 2004). If this trend continues, then it would intend that the need for nursing would increase by as a lot as 22% between the years of 1998 and 2008. The demographics of nursing are changing as to the working environment as intimately. period hospitals emplo y about 60% of all entertains, the nurses who work in hospitals are likely to be younger, largely due to the strain of physically demanding work and the shift work involved. While the hospitals tend to produce recruiting broadcasts more focused on younger nurses, this similarly means that there is the need to promote relationships between the different generations of nurses. Problems in workplaces are the most often sited issues when it comes to line turnover lays among nurses.And the pass of younger nurses toward the hospital setting also means that the number of fresh graduate nurses being hired into the nursing pool is getting higher. This in turn results in a greater number of rather unpracticed sensitive nurses in positions that may be better filled by experienced nurses. In order to answer this line, residency course of studys have been essential for new-fangled graduate nurses, to provide orientation to the specialty areas much(prenominal) as critical care, medi cal/surgical and psychiatry. These residency designs appear to do much to help the new nurses address the challenges they face in their new positions. park and Puetzer (2002) clearly define in their article the issues surrounding the impressiveness of rough-and-ready recruitment, efficient training and ultimate retention of experience nursing staff. A structured mentoring and precepting program appears to be key to all three of these issues and shows that succession the schools prepare the nurses for the basics, mentoring programs are the most effective in the workplace. Without residency programs, there is a significant degree of turnover in the nursing staff, which leads to light clinical are and burnout.A information by Bowles and Candela in 2005 re supposeed involved the experiences of recent RN graduates in their first jobs (Bowles and Candela, 2005). The study was meant to stipulate new graduate perceptions of first jobs and why they left them, if they had. The results showed that 30% of new graduates left their positions in spite of appearance one year, and 57% had left their first positions within 2 years. Issues cited for leaving consisted of long-suffering care problems, unsafe nurse to patient of ratios, and stress associated with the acuity of the patients.Other significant issues (22%) noted a lack of support on the part of management, as well as a lack of guidance and a sensation of being given also much responsibility for patient care as compared to the nurses level of relieve and experience. This review showed that RNs in the first year of work tend to get out their first position at a much higher rate than RNs who are in second or subsequent positions. It would appear from this study that to improve RN retention one must consider the phylogenesis of orientation and mentoring programs.This would improve work environments and reduce stress levels. in that respect is a limited availability of preceptors. This often causes nurse in terns multiple preceptor assignments that causes problem with educational continuity, follow through on assignments and progress assessments, as well as preceptor burnout. Smith and Chalker (2005) describe the issue from the nurse interns view where all active duty military nurses assign to a military hospital between December 2000 and November 2003 were surveyed.A total sample of 216 nurse interns were surveyed regarding the nurse interns perception of the preceptor continuity within the existing four-month nurse intern program. These nurses were also asked about differences in perception between clinical performance, role transition, job satisfaction and nursing retention issues among nurse interns who had the homogeneous preceptor throughout their 4-month internships as compared to those who did not.In this study, there appeared to be no difference reported in the clinical performance, role transitions and retention in nursing between nurse interns who had assigned clinical pr eceptors versus those who did not. Over 48% of those surveyed indicated that the presence of one or multiple preceptors had little to do with the nurses desire to stay within the nursing profession. It is important, however, to note that of those who were surveyed who were new graduates, of these respondents 85% matt-up that having the same preceptor was most beneficial.Some supporting comments included issues such as building a trusting bond with the preceptor, consistency and continuity, and bureau building. Another interesting study assessed the effectiveness of using a mentorship program not only to retain quality nurses, provided also to genuinely recruit them to programs in the first place. In this study (Nelson and Godfrey, 2004) identified that the new graduate nurse population required special attention, quoting that one in every three nurses under the age of 30 planned to take leave their current job within the year (Aiken, et. l. 2001).Understanding this effect of p atient care continuity, Nelson and Godfrey set out to see if a nurse mentorship program designed to provide an intense experience for students to gain greater clinical skills, and work values that would lead to commitment to professional teams and hopefully job retention. This study included nursing students who were within 2 semesters of graduation from a local program in Florida.All candidates for the program were prescreened and required a completed application as well as two garner of reference before they would be accepted into the program. Students in this study worked with assigned preceptors for a minimum of 16 hours with each two-week period, mentoring one on one with an experienced RN. It is interesting to note that ten of the students are now graduated, and hang in employed by the hospital at which they precepted.It is likely that the selection mould weeded out those applicants who most likely would be in benefit of a preceptor program, perhaps the more clinically inse cure RN or the one who is struggling with assimilating clinical decision making skills and the like. There was benefit to the students in that they all felt better prepared for approach into employment as an RN. The benefit to the hospital also cannot be denied. As noted in the study, savings related to RN retention continues to accrue. utilise the assumption that the 62 graduate nurses who did not participate in the program had participated, and applying the hospitals 23% turnover rate applied to this hypothetical group, this would mean a net savings of 14 nurses (instead of the 29 they would have lost without the program, check to previous rates of turnover). Assuming that the cost of mentorship for each RN would be approximately $10,000, and then the savings would be around $150,000 to the hospital ground on nurse retention alone.This study would seem to indicate that the nurse mentorship program not only improves nurse clinical skills and job satisfaction, but also can be of monetary savings to the hospitals themselves. While relatively few articles available on mentorship for graduate nurses exist, there are complete valid studies out there which all seem to indicate the importance of orientation programs not only to improve clinical care, but to abate nursing staff turnover, preceptor burnout and decrease the financial burden such turnover costs to the healthcare system.