Brexit: Causes and the Future of Britain

Brexit Causes and the Future of BritainAbstr comeA referendum was held on June 23rd 2016, to shape whether the United demesne (UK) should allow or remain as a initiate of the European Union (EU). This vote is communally referred to as Brexit merging words Britain and Exit. The 4 nations of the UK (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) voted to leave the EU. This paper explores the reasons for the Brexit, its global implications, the current daub and what lies ahead.Keywords Referendum, United Kingdom, Brexit, EuropeanUnion.On June 23rd 2016, a referendum was held to decide whether the UK should leave or remain as a discriminate of the EU, as well kn hold as Brexit. The 4 nations of the UK (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) loticipated in the referendum with leave winning by 51.9% to 48.1%, with al approximately 30 trillion stack voting (Hunt A. & Wheeler B., 2017). To understand the reasons for the referendum and why the UK voted to leave the EU, a b rief hi account statement of the relationship amongst the UK with the EU is studied. The reasons to vote for and against Brexit as also analyzed, along with its global consequences. Finally, the current situation and how ofttimes of the Brexit has been implemented is discussed.European Union and its History with the United KingdomAfter the endof the Second World War, the European nations wanted to end the frequent andcostly wars between neighbors. In 1957, Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourgand the Netherlands signed the Treaty of Rome, establishing the EuropeanEconomic Community (EEC), or Common Market. (European Union, n. d., para 2).EEC was create with the finis of scotch cooperation between the Europeannations. The 1960s improved the economy of the EEC members as they startedtrading with pop charging custom duties when they carry ond with each other. OnJanuary 1 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the EEC. Greecebecame the 10th nation in 1981 , followed by Spain and Portugal fiveyears modernr. In 1986, Single European Act was signed, with the attentive ofallowing free flow of trade across EU borders, creating the Single Market. (EuropeanUnion, n. d., para 5). The Maast comfortablet Treaty in 1993 established the EuropeanUnion (EU), of which the EEC was a main comp wizardnt. The EU was formed with thegoal of unifying Europes nations under one united foreign policy, commoncitizenship rights, trade rights and a single currency, called euro. (PruittS., 2016).Although theUK became a part of the EU in 1973, the relationship between the UK and the EUhas been a turbulent one. The UK applied countmost applied for EEC social rank in1963. But Frances chair Charles de Gaulle vetoed its application, on theworry that English would replace french as the main language of the community.But in 1973, UK was finally allowed into EEC under Conservative pinnacle MinisterEdward Heath. (The Telegraph, 2016). But within two years, UK was on the vergeon leaving the EEC. In 1975, UK voted on the referendum to whether stay orleave the EEC. 67 percentage voted to remain in the EEC. Tension again began in1984, when UK efflorescence Minister Marg argont Thatcher wanted to reduce Britishpayments to the EEC budget. At that time, the UK was the third poorest countryof the EEC, scarcely was paying a lot to a greater extent to the budget collectable(p) to its lack of farms.At that time, farm subsidies made up 70 percent of total expenditure. The UK, callable to its relatively few farms, got a very small share of the farm subsidies.Margaret Thatcher with her tough talks managed to reduce Britains contri exceptionto the EEC from more than 20 percent to about 12 percent. The UK also hadissues with the EU regarding Frances ban of British beef during mad cowdisease outbreak in the late 90s, to the decision to allow British chocolatesto be sold to rest of Europe in 2000, after a 27-year long dispute. Decision to vote for Brex itIn 2011, DavidCameron became the first base UK prime minister to veto a EU treaty. This was doneto protect Londons financial sector and stop a impose on banks. In 2013, he madea speech where he outlined the challenges faced by EU and committed torenegotiate UKs membership with the EU. At the uniform time, a lot of supportbegan among British people for the UK Independence Party (UKIP), which held a terriblestance with the EU. An ongoingmigrant crisis and an stinting unrest in the Eurozone increased anti-Europesentiments. With the increasing support for the UKIP, David Cameron made apl adjoin in 2013 that if the Conservatives were in power after the 2015 election,there will be an in/out referendum. (Wright O. & Cooper C., 2016) . Aftercoming to power after the election, Cameron promised the vote by end of 2017.He continued his renegotiation with the EU and had managed to make impudent dealsfor Britain, which he said was a strong basis to back a breathe vote. To removethe EU vot e from holding headlines in the political agenda, David Cameron installan early referendum date of 23rd June, 2016.Reasons for and against BrexitAfter the decision for the referendum datewas taken, a lot of polarizing took place for both sides of the vote-leave orremain. Campaigns for both leave and remain had incompatible opinions of theissues at large. Views for both leave and remain campaign regarding theimportant issues are discussed below.Main issues of Brexit A lot of arguments for the leavecampaign was base on the circumstance of economic freedom of the UK from the EU, reserve of UK border from the migrant crisis and trade deals. Arguments ofremain was that the vision of the leave campaign lacked convincing detail.(Buttonwood, 2016).Economic IssuesThe leave campaign had the watch out that theUKs links with the EU meant that it rousenot make individual trade links withemerging markets like China or India. Leaving the EU would allow UK to transmute its trade deals. However , the remain campaign pointed the fact the 44percent of UKs export goes to the other EU countries. Leaving the free-tradeagreement of the EU would hurt UKs economy and leaving EU would becounterproductive. Remain also argued that leaving the EU will hurt the bankingindustry in UK as trading advantages of be inside the EU helps the banksmake profit. The leave campaign rubbished those fears and believed that Londonwould remain a financial capital outside of EU, and banks would still want tobe found in UK due to low tax rates.Immigration and JobsPeople for the leave campaign had the viewthat the UK cannot control their border as long they remained a part of EU. EUgives freedom of movement to other EU citizens and an automatic right to livein the UK. (Smith-Riley B., 2016). The immigration crisis also trigger of cater verypolarized views. EU had the belief that aiding the refugees was a moralobligation. (Mauldin J., 2016). But people who wanted UK to leave EU had theviewpoint that im migration was a subject field issue and each country should deporttheir take in say on whom they want to enter their country. Remain campaign were ofthe view that leaving would not solve the migration crisis, but simply shiftborder control from France to the UK. Regarding jobs, nearly 2.5 one million million million peopleare employed in UK due to EU trade, which gives freedom of movement for EUcitizens. The remain campaign held the view that pass completion the borders would resultin loss of several(prenominal) of those jobs, raising unemployment in the country. Also, patronagees may invest less in the UK as they may have to pay good(prenominal) taxes forimport and export, outside of free trade. The leave campaign was of the viewthat the job loss claims were exaggerated. In fact, jobs may flourish in the UKif they can yield better incentives to new line of productses like low corporationtax. Defense and Soereignty IssuesPeople for the leave campaign had thebelief that th e UK may have to contribute to a EU army to fight againstterrorism and other threats. Such a contribution would take a trend funds andindependence from UKs own military. Remain campaign argued that countriesworking unneurotic would give the best chance to the EU to counter terrorismthreats from ISIS and other countries which wants to undermine the EU.Many people who supported the mental picture ofleaving the EU believed that multinational organizations take away control fromthe individual nations. There was growing mistrust between the countries,coupled with a simultaneous deck up in nationalism. There were calls for furthereconomic integration after the euro crisis, which was opposed by the eurosceptics. Remain campaign argued that in this age of globalization, countries mustiness have common economic goals to sustain a healthy economy benefitingeveryone. They argued that it is better to remain a part of EU and help changethe rules from inside, rather than leave it wholly and h ave no say in anynew decision makings.What happened on June 23rd 2016? How didUK vote?On June 23rd 2016, over 33 million people of the UK countries of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland cast their vote to either leave or remain in the EU. Leave won by 51.9% to 48.1%. But the voting type was different in the 4 countries. While England and Wales voted to leave the EU, Scotland and Northern Ireland voted remain. But the overall vote count had leave have more votes than remain. A equipment failure of the vote for leave and remain for the individual countries is given below. Figure 1. Voting pattern for Brexit of the 4 UK countries- in percentages (Hunt A. & Wheeler B., 2017) There was a political side effectas the immediate result to vote for Brexit. Scotland, who had decided to voteto remain in the EU, were forced to leave as the UK voted as a whole. Scotlandwanted to go for another referendum to vote and decide whether to remain as apart of the UK, or gain independence an d apply to the EU as an independentnation. Prime Minister David Cameron, who led the remain campaign, announced toresign from his position. Theresa May was appointed as the new Prime Ministerof UK on 13th July 2016. From the beginning, she was firm in herdecision that no attempts should be made by UK to remain as a part of EU or torejoin it after Brexit. On the other hand, Eurosceptic leaders celebrated asthey strongly wanted to withdraw from European Union, or diminish the scope ofEUs legislative influence. There was a political uproar doneout the wholecountry because people plunged into the phase of uncertainty that could not hardly appropriate the global political situation, but also could impact the worldeconomy.Economic& Global impactEuropean single market is a trade bloc, thatenables free trade between 28 countries (including UK) that do under theEuropean union. This single market not only enables easy navigation of goodsand services between the member countries, and easeme nt of several tradingbarriers, but also boosts economic growth, helps in effective governance oftrade practices, and improves the overall standard of living in the membercountries. Brexit will not only check smooth trade practices but will also affect the financial markets.Currency TurbulenceJust a day after Brexit, it had been seenthat surpass throw sharply against euro. On June 24th, the pound fellto a 31 year low against the dollar. (Allen K. and Monaghan A., 2016).Sterling also fell against euro. This weaker status of pound against eurobrought tension among holidaymakers, tourists, and exporters because poundcould then fetch lesser returns and made trading more competitive. Touristsfrom UK couldnt travel Europe as comfortably like before as they got lessermoneys worth after Brexit.Reduced softwoodThe Organization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment, customaryly go throughn as OECD, which is an association for developednations, has stated that Brexit would forge a majo r negative shock in UK.France, Germany and Italy are the stronger members of European Union. They arealso lynchpin trading allies of UK. But now due to Brexit there will be reduction oftrade with these countries due to stringent regulatory policies and lesserlabor mobility. UK cannot easily access the European single market. By2020, GDP would be over 3 percent smaller than otherwise in the U.K. (Rafal Kierzenkowski et. al., 2016)Domino EffectUKhas been the first state to withdraw membership from EU. Since no other statehas withdrawn the membership from EU, this could frame a pattern or design thatwill enable the other member states to increase their impetus of membership withdrawal from EU. In fact, after Britains exit from EU, Alternative forGermany (AfD) chairman Bjorn Hocke said I know the German people want tobe free of EU slavery. On the other hand, there can be a different out panoramatowards exit. For instance, Scotlandmight leave the U.K. to develop a complete nation wit hin the EU (like theRepublic of Ireland).(Geewax M.,2016). In a nutshell, Brexit will keep leaveing rippling effect that will notonly figure out disruption in political front or obstruction in the flow of labor,capital and commerce but will also increase Euroscepticism among the collapsemember states of EU. Brexits influence on various industriesHousing and commercial propertyThe unreliability and unpredictability of themarket after the referendums result came out, freaked out the Investors, whichalso affected the commercial property sector. Estate agents were more affectedthan house builders. As per Anthony Codling, an analyst at Jefferies, housingsector would be comparatively less affected because government helped thefirst-time buyers with financial aids. In fact, demand for houses would bevigorous but the cost of construction would keep rising. Building shares keptdeclining and the most affected housebuilders were Taylor Wimpy, Barkley andBaratt. In FTSE 100, they lost more t han 4% in addition to their landsecurities. (Inman P. and Farrell S., 2016)RetailRetail sector was badly hit, which wasalready going through a lot of pressure. In fact, before the voting resultswere even declared, an atmosphere of uncertainty was creeping up. The shoppinghabits of majority of consumers took a different path. They stopped pass onthings that do not come under necessary products. For example, the fashionsales declined drastically and saw the biggest drop in their sales for sevenyears. As most of the fashion retailers purchase their raw materials from Asiaand pay them in dollars, they have been affected more due to the drop in theeconomic value of pound.Butsome companies have benefitted as well. We know that deflation is the situationin which the supply of money in an economy gets diminished. During this timethe purchasing power of money is greater. So, Brexit would help to bring reliefto Britains supermarkets, which couldnt earn their desired revenues in lasttwo years due to the deflationary environment.Also, FTSE 100 index is currently at7343.08 compared to 6338.10 on the day of referendum. This index basicallydepicted many companies which earned in dollars and not in pounds in UK. Hence,when there was a decline in the value of the pound compared to dollar, theirreturns multiplied. TelecomVodafonesannouncement that it couldmove its headquarters out of the UKbrought one of the most strikingimpacts of the referendum on corporate Britain.(Rhiannon B. et. al.,2016). Since EU has a pivotal role in regulatingthe telecom sector, Brexit has already put forward many questions againstBritains own telecom industry. A Spanish telecom company called Telefonicaalso began their assessment and evaluation of their UK establish subsidiary companynamed O2. An attempt was made to sell O2 to Hong Kongs CK Hutchison, but thatunfortunately got hindered due to appertain over competition. Later in October2016, Telefonica has also renounced their plan of listing O2 in the LondonStock Exchange due to the tumult created by Brexit. Also, there could have been rise in themomentum of Vodafones merger with the company called Liberty Global, which hadtaken over British cable group Virgin Media in 2013 to assort out into Europescable market. But due to the turmoil created by Brexit, the valuation of VirginMedia had significantly dropped.InsuranceInsurance companies had to mandatorily honour with Solvency II directive of European Union Law. This rule aims inharmonizing EU insurance regulation. Solvency II consists of three pillars,viz., pillar 1, pillar 2 and pillar 3. editorial 1 states the quantitativerequirements and resources that insurance companies need to maintain formeeting the liabilities. Pillar 2 deals with risk management structure, whichhelps to foresee risk against which capital must be held. Pillar 3 deals withtransparency and disclosure of risk and meeting the capital requirements. LordTurnbull, the former civil service head who served as a hop on member ofPrudential, believed that Brexit would help the global companies who wanted todisassociate themselves from the complex directive of Solvency II.Also, after Brexit investors were indilemma because of its harm on balance sheets and regular business operations.Thats why insurers had to struggle to minimize the immediate problem of shareprice fluctuations. Legal & Generals stock declined substantially by 30pc intwo days, before it reassured shareholders that its solvency and cashgeneration were retaining properly. (Williams C., 2016)EnergyNational Grid and SSE have both urged the Government toensure Britain remains in the EUs internal energy market (IEM) that willenable them to perform smooth trading of electricity and gas between UK and theEuropean countries. (Williams C., 2016). Since EU laid an easy pathway for UKto make smooth dealing in regards to receive the utilities and benefits ofenergy sector, Brexit would bring disruption in the whole process that ran wi tha continuous synergy. Therefore, the UK consumers will now have to incur morecosts for energy consumption because UKs exit from EU could lead to 500million pounds rise in the cost of procuring energy as a resource.TransportAirline industry has also been badly hitdue to Brexit. Sterlings sharp depreciation has brought perplexity in theaviation sector because this decline in the value of sterling would reduce thedemand to travel. This drop in the value would make traveling more expensive. EasyJethas already speculated that they will have less passengers to travel duringsummer months, and this uncertainty has forced them to rethink whether theyshould carry on their business in UK or not. Positive AspectsPounds weakness would increase tourism inUK. People from all around the world can visit and spend comparatively morethan what it used to be before. UKs hospitality industry can flourish more.Big touristy attractions like Madame Tussauds or Legoland can gain more foottraffic. Even the renowned restaurants and pubs can get more customers.Current Scenario of Brexits ImplementationTheresa May, the current Prime Minister ofthe UK has stated that she will trigger Britains exit from the EU by end ofMarch, 2017 and begin the two years of negotiations. To begin the negotiations,she must invoke term 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, and decide on what deals theUK will make with the EU. According to the deals to be made, people are termingit as either a tight Brexit or a soft Brexit. phrase 50None of the states have ever left EuropeanUnion Britain was the first to do so. This has created a lot of turmoil inglobal economy. The rules for withdrawal or exit is mentioned in Article 50 ofthe Treaty of Lisbon. Lisbon Treaty aimed to make EU more transparent andefficient in functioning. It was a treaty that was agreed by the head officialsof EU member countries. But since UK has left the EU, Prime Minister TheresaMay would trigger Article 50 by the end of March 2017. Though the decisio n of the referendum was taken in a day, the process of leaving EU will be time consuming. After Article 50 is triggered, no directives or rules of EU that exercise control over its member states, will be applied to Britain. Britain and EU will then become two individual parties to any contracts or agreements, and will have to take every decision through bargains and negotiations. Many economists believe that creating future trade relationships or agreements on crucial policies like immigration or trade tariffs between UK and EU countries can become more difficult and burdensome. Figure 2. Steps to be taken for UK to leave the European Union (Hunt A. & Wheeler B., 2017) Hard and Soft BrexitA hard Brexit will be an arrangement wherethe UK will surrender its full access to the single market and customs unionalong with the EU. (Sims A., 2016). The trade relationship will be basedinitially on the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. Going for a hard Brexitwill give the UK full control of its border, and decide on trade deals on itsown. A soft Brexit on the other hand will mirror the current deals the UK haswith the EU as much as possible. It will lose having a seat on the EuropeanCouncil, but may keep access to the open trade market of the EU. The leavecampaign members are more inclined towards going for a hard Brexit approach,while the remain campaign wants to take the path of a soft Brexit. However,both approaches come with their own pros and cons.International Trade Secretary, Liam Fox,has said a hard Brexit approach would benefit the UK by making it a globaltrading nation. (Sims A., 2016). However, leaving the open market may subjectthe British goods and services to tariffs, as well as increase bureaucraticchecks on goods. If the UK decides to go for a soft Brexit, Londons positionas a financial hub may be kept intact if the UK decides to allow the EU rule offree movement of European nationals to work and settle in the UK.Supreme court shrewdnessThe latest u pdate of Brexitsimplementation is the Supreme court ruling. Justicesruled that Prime Minister Theresa May cannot use the privilege to triggerArticle 50of the Lisbon Treaty and begin thetwo-year process of negotiating the UKs separation from its EU partners. (TelegraphReporters, 2017). Britains Supreme court has also ruled out that the UKgovernment must hold vote in the Parliament before beginning the process ofannulment. (Greene Allen R. & Dewan A., 2017). Though UK Government wasdissatisfied with this new ruling but they would abide by it. Jeremy Wright,Attorney General of England and Wales, told reporters that they would agree tocourts ruling but would also take every measure to implement Brexit. TheresaMay is playing the come upon role in enacting Brexit and she looks forward to executeall the plans by the end of March 2017, in association with all who voted for leavingEU.References(1) Hunt, A. & Wheeler,B. (2017) Brexit All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU. Retrieve d from http//www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887(2) European Union.(n. d.) The history of European Union. Retrieved from https//europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history_en1945_-_1959(3) Pruitt, S. (2016) The history behind Brexit. Retrieved from http//www.history.com/news/the-history-behind-brexit(4) The Telegraph. (2016) Britains 40-year relationshipwith the EU. Retrieved fromhttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/16/britains-40-year-relationship-with-the-eu/(5) Wright, O. & Cooper, C. (2016) Brexit What isit and why are we having an EU referendum? Retrieved from http//www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/what-is-brexit-why-is-there-an-eu-referendum-a7042791.html(6) Buttonwood. (2016) Eu Referendum- The arguments forvoting remain. Retrieved from http//www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2016/06/eu-referendum-2(7) Smith-Riley, B. (2016) Leave or remain in the EU?The arguments for and against Brexit. Retrieved from http//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/16/leave-or-remain-in-the- eu-the-arguments-for-and-against-brexit/(8) Mauldin, J. (2016) 3 Reasons Brits voted for Brexit.Retrieved from https//www.forbes.com/sites/johnmauldin/2016/07/05/3-reasons-brits-voted-for-brexit/1c8d5991f9d6(9)Allen, K. & Monaghan, A. (2016) Brexitfallout- the economic impact in six key charts. Retrieved fromhttps//www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jul/08/brexit-fallout-the-economic-impact-in-six-key-charts(10) Kierzenkowski, R., Pain, N., Rusticelli, E. & Zwart, S. (2016) The economicconsequences of Brexit- A taxing decision. Retrieved from http//www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/the-economic-consequences-of-brexit_5jm0lsvdkf6k-en(11) Geewax, M. (2016) Circle June 23. A vote that day in the U.K. could affect your wallet. Retrievedfromhttp//www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/10/481424109/circle-june-23-a-vote-that-day-in-the-u-k-could-affect-your-wallet(12) Inman,P. and Farrell, S. (2016) Pound hits31-year low after disappointing service sector data. Retrieved fromhttps//www.theg uardian.com/business/2016/jul/05/pound-hits-31-year-low-after-service-sector-data(13) Rhiannon, B.,Dakers, M. & Martin, B. (2016) UKfirms mull moves in wake of Brexit. Retrieved fromhttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/29/uk-firms-mull-moves-in-wake-of-poll/(14) Williams, C. (2016) What does Brexit mean for the key parts ofthe UK economy? Retrieved fromhttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/07/02/what-does-brexit-mean-for-the-key-parts-of-the-uk-economy/(15) Sims, A. (2016) Whatis the difference between hard and soft Brexit? Everything you need to know.Retrieved from http//www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-hard-soft-what-is-the-difference-uk-eu-single-market-freedom-movement-theresa-may-a7342591.html(16) Telegraph Reporters. (2017) Brexit ruling The Supreme Court judgement in full. Retrieved from http//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/24/brexit-ruling-supreme-court-judgment-full/(17) Greene Allen, R. & Dewan, A. (2017) Brexit ruling UK Supreme Court gives parliame nt Article 50 vote. Retrieved from http//www.cnn.com/2017/01/24/europe/brexit-article-50-supreme-court-ruling/Carmen opera house Exotic Musical ElementsCarmen Opera Exotic Musical ElementsCarmen, as one of the most famous operas in the world, has been performed many times in lots of different troupes. This 4-act opera represents the highest achievement of the nineteenth century French opera. Before this, there was no composer could put so many elements into one performance the strong and martial torero, amorous and sly Carmen and ardently spoony Don Josthe busy atmosphere and the cryingly passionate mob candidate. Bizet, he exhausted all the talent in the opera to pump the numerous smooth, howling(a) and graceful strain. He used his sharp realistic fashion with the enthusiastic foreignism to compose it. After Bizet died, Carmen finally became the classical performance canonized by the professionals and medicinal drug fans.George Bizet (1838 1875) was a French composer and Pi anist in the Romantic era of medicine, whose best work is the opera Carmen. He had a talent in music. When he was nine, he went to the Paris Conservatory of Music to learn. His most famous composition was written in 1875, Carmen, which was adapted from the same title novella by the French writer Prosper Mrime. The initial shows of the opera did not gain a huge success as Bizet expected, and because of the subject and other issues, the first performance was failed. Bizet, known as a wonder kid from his earlier age, could not accept the strike and fell ill for a long time, in the end died 3 months later. However, the luckiest thing is, Carmen was performed again after Bizet died, and achieved one of the best operas and the mostly performed opera in the opera history.In this essay, I will go to look at the opera Carmen through its exotic tuneful style, from the diversity and identity of the music, the gypsy and Spanish musical comedy styles in Carmen to the European style of music in the opera. I will identify and analyze these different musical elements in the opera, more importantly, I will compare those styles to the French and orthodox European music. These musical styles will be looked at from the perspective of history and quotationistics in order to illustrate their functions in the opera.The word mentalit is a fabulous give tongue toion in French. It is created to express a national or folk conception and perception towards something potentially and acknowledged to some extent. According to Nettl, Turino and Capwell (2008, p.235) that Music may be a part of and serve as a voice for a peoples mentalit. Here in this context of musical elements, mentalit is used to show the accepted perception that music has been a part of our everyday support, more likely, music is a discourse that is well known by most of the people from all over the world. Since music is organism part of the mentalit, we may find that the music has the identity. However, due to the different cultural and national background, music varies from country to country, which can be considered as the diversity of the music. For example, eastern music and western music are totally different in the styles and characteristics, especially when it comes to the opera.Music sometimes without lyrics can only make people internalize their emotional feeling into the strain. However, opera, with the story and music in one performance, did it better in making people to internalize the show into their feelings. An opera is performing a story about ones life, whether it is a tragedy or a comedy. Through flowing in the storyline, the songs and dances in the opera, the audience can live the characters lives in the theatre.Bizets opera, Carmen, based on the novella of Mrime, has become the best example of Hegels tragic beauty. Tragedy is the all-time theme of the drama, Drama as an essential dialectical genre is at the same time the exquisite place of the tragic. Theatre after dr ama, we might thus suspect, would be a theatre without the tragic. This conjecture is fed by Hegels placing of tragedy in pre-modernity (Lehmann, 2006, p.42). Carmen, as our leading lady, is a beautiful, passionate but dissipated itinerant girl, who loves freedom and has the open mind without any self-confidence on herself.Carmen, the cigarette girl falls in love with corporal Don Jose, but after she meets the strong torero Escamillo, she abandons Don Jose and falls for the torero. Don Jose is demoted to a normal soldier because he sets Carmen for free, but he loses Carmen at the end. In the final act, Don Jose kills Carmen after he fails for begging her love in front of the people coming out from the abattoir.In the original novella, because of Carmens Gypsy identity and Escamillos profession of being a torero (Spanish torero), there is an exotic atmosphere in the story. Bizet go the exoticism onto the stage. He added the Gypsy and Spanish styles of music in the opera, as well a s the orchestral composition using the graceful European musical elements. Musical exoticism in Carmen is a matter of dramatic structure, not simply of local color. Its function is not to characterize Carmen and her fellow Gypsies so much as to map a change in the relationship between Carmen and Don Jose (Parakilas, 1993, p.33). According to Parakilas, the exoticism in Carmen is to tell the difference of the real life and the dream fact is something that men cannot test, and escaping from fact to dream will always fall down and prove itself false. However, in the following part of the paper, we will go over the exotic musical styles in the opera and analyze them as the musical elements in the whole composition.By according to Parakilas (p.33), that Carmen has the most Gypsy style pieces of music in the western musical tradition, which is famous in the musical history. There are the Habanera and Seguidilla in act 1, and in act 2, there are the song of 3 Gypsies and Carmens dance for Don Jose. Gypsy style of music is filled in Carmens dance and songs for her identity as a Gypsy girl. In the opera, her dressing style, her ways of singing and dancing are the representation of her characteristics of being passionate, romantic and blatant. Therefore, with her own style of personality, Gypsy music in her songs and dances seemed to be uninspired into the impression of a passionate, romantic and irresponsible young girl who wants everything in her life but refuses to pay out.To give the numbers a Spanish flavor, Bizet based the melodies on what he took for traditional Gypsy music or folk songs, which lend an obsessive, pulsing beat (Fanelli, 2004, p.182). Gypsy music in Carmen presents to the scenes where Carmen shows her Gypsy character to Don Jose, more precisely, where she shows her love to him. To Don Jose, Carmens Gypsy dancing and rhythms are the temptation which is the representative lifestyle of generosity, enthusiasm and kicking over the traces. This is what he wants. He tries to run away from his rigid soldier life. In order to get the life he aspires after with Carmen, he betrayed his fiance and fails his mothers expectation for him. He gives up his original life for the Gypsy girl.The Gypsy musical style is the vivid rhythms, without hesitation from the beginning to the end the lively composition, without any laggard notes in the diversity to the next point the beginning is the climax and the climax is the determination. the songs are diatonic, that is, they do not veer far from traditional harmony, displaying only a spattering of chromatic chords to highlight the tense moments, or as a run-up to some theme (Fanelli, 2004, p.182).The Spanish joined the condemnation of Carmen by denouncing Bizets pseudo-Spanish style as blatant plagiarizing of Spanish music their argument was based on the scores punctuated rhythms that saturate the Habanera, the Seguidilla, and the Gypsy Dance. Nevertheless, Bizet had no intention of writing Spanish music perse, but rather, his intent was to capture the spirit and exoticism of Spanish song and dance in essentially his own music and style (Fisher, 2005, p.16). According to Fisher, that the pseudo-Spanish style of music in Carmen was not accepted by the Spanish because of the false rhythms in the opera and Bizet was not going to compose the formal Spanish music into the opera due to the music is just the representation of the spirit in Spanish music complex chords and Flamenco. However, Spanish music has been influenced by the Gypsy music deeply, which has the same features with Gypsy music vivid rhythms and lively composition.By referring to Trend (1934, pp.86), the Spanish music in Carmen is derived from the street music in 19th century, which is the most curious thing. Also, for the people who are not from the Spanish world, the Spanish music in Carmen reflects them a Spanish style of life. In the very beginning of the opera, even before opening night the curtains, the orc hestra is playing the music of Toreadors song from act 4. The music is full of Spanish soul of music, which depicts a scene of bullfighting on the abattoir. It is repeated in act 4 when the toreros enter to show the virtuoso of excitement of the crowds seeing Escamillo. With the brisk Flamenco music, Carmen puts up its features as the Opera Comique the compare of the comedy elements and the tragedy ending in the opera.Over 1,000 years ago, because of some unknown reasons, the Gypsy starts to migrate, they almost left their home silently, and begins the journey of travelling around the world. They travelled all over the Eurasia, to the farthest northern Africa. They do not have their alphabetic characters. Instead, they left many psalms and legends word by word, keeping the memories in the nation as music. They have different characters in different part of the world, they do not have a stable place to stay, always live on the edge of the life, and under the circumstance of being k illed, banished, snubbed and sympathized. In the time-space of thousands of year, there are no other nations like the Gypsy, living on the strings, singing the wind and snow. On the way of gipsydom, they communicated, compromised and even fought with them native people in the world, they accumulated rich cultural ideology, including the costumes, narratives, poems, music and dancing, etc. These primitive cultural elements are becoming more and more important, while the Gypsy living status cannot be developed per se.Because of the historical and geography reasons, the Gypsy music keeps their own features and also combines the residential folks music, as well as being influenced by the artistic music, popular music and jazz music to become a complex integrity. The Gypsy music, as same as the Gypsy, is distributing in many countries in the world, including Hungary, Rumania, Spain and Russia. In the earliest time, the Gypsy only use bagpipes, and then they start to add fiddles in the pl aying. Using one or two violins, a cello and a clarinet can play a performance. It is often to see a performance played by only two or three Gypsies. The instrumental music of Gypsy adopts the Hungarian folk music, as well as the melody. Nevertheless, the Gypsy always extemporizes the music and introduces the cadenza, on the speed as slow fast-very fast- suddenly stop. If these features are applied into other types of music, it becomes the Gypsy musical performance.According to that Dibbell It remained gypsy music a seductively exotic mix of whatever was at hand and whatever had been picked up along the way (1990, p.12). Afterwards, the Gypsy music borrows from the European traditional music and the urban popular music styles. The Hungarian Gypsy songs usually adopt the monophonic cappella style in the slow-beat and dance-tune. The slow-beat has stronger lyricism and narrative, while the dance-tune is more bright and passionate with a shorter space and can be repeated many times. When the Gypsy performing a dance-tune, they normally will clap, snap the fingers or use a stranger mouth-bassing together to accompany the cantus. When they singing repeatedly, they will also add some yawp into the performance to heat the atmosphere, which usually sang by men.The Spanish music can never be discussed without Gypsy music, because of the historical reasons we talked before that the Gypsy is a nation that has a broad distribution and Spain is one of its residence. The Spanish Gypsy music is as much similar as the Gypsy music in other areas, but has been influenced by the local music.Referring to Smith (2007, p.82) that Far-fetched though it would be to mention any direct influence of Grellmanns stereotyping of gypsy mores, it is notable that Bizets search for a style with which to represent gypsy music uses many effects that suggest temporary expedient the amours of the passersby during Carmens Habanera, and the ornaments of the Chanson boheme and the Seguidille, to n ame a few. At the same time, Andalusian music has never left the Gypsy. The Spanish music put up a strong multi-cultural character. The known Phrygian mode in Spanish music is coming from the Byzantine music the descending tendency of Phrygian cantus, rich grace notes and the main national instruments guitar, are influenced by the Aerobic music and the southern Andalusian Flamenco shows the Gypsy elements of music. Flamenco is an integrated art that combined dancing, singing and guitar playing. The passion, heat, cafard of the Flamenco reveal a sense of mourn and sadness.Bizets style during this scene resembles Spanish music perhaps more closely than any of his other exotic numbers. In its sultry introduction, it adopts the descending tetrachord feeler often associated with flamenco music (McClay, 1992, p.90). The most typical Spanish music style in Carmen is the intermezzo between act 3 and act 4. The music has the obvious features of Flamenco music. In the beginning of the musi c, the orchestra plays a series chords imitating the guitar strum, the rhythms of the dance may come from the Fandango or Seguidilla in Flamenco. With that, under the dancing rhythms of Spanish national instrument tambourine, with the accompaniment of imitating the guitar strum by harp and string instruments, then it come the Spanish-Aerobic cantus by oboes and the tune of clarinet and piccolo. This cantus shows a lot in the flamenco music. And in the first act, Habanera sang by Carmen is also a piece of rich Spanish features and dramatic music.Seguidilla as another Spanish music in Carmen is a dance in southern Spain, which is always danced in pairs a girl and a boy, with the complex footstep, and accompanied by guitar and percussion instrument. This song is sang by Carmen when she is seducing Don Jose. And the actress who performs Carmen always sings it with dancing. The strong dancing rhythms and passionate cantus show the ebullience and unconstraint of Carmen following Habanera . The Gypsy style of music in the opera functions significantly. The first piece of music in the act 2 is the Gypsy style. In these Gypsy compositions, Bizet grasped some important features of the Gypsy music. In the Gypsy dance music, the rich cantus and bright passion of the music is played thoroughly by Bizet. Just these characters in the music represent the Gypsy people as Carmen.The opera Carmen tells the story in Spain and uses mass Spanish musical elements, which is still a typical French Opera Comique. The Spanish and Gypsy musical styles just account for part of all the music in the opera. In truth, Bizet used a lot French styles of music. And the representation of the Spanish soul in the opera the Toreadors song performed by torero Escamillo was recomposed from the French folk song. Although that the opera Carmen did not seem to be a nondescript because of combing the 2 different musical styles together. Instead, these styles worked well together in this opera. Bizets Car men, a work of pure genius, is the climax of achievement in this direction, and much of its fame is due to the fact that everything in it is of a familiar cast. The Toreadors song, the Habanera, and the music of the opening scene in the last act were recognized as Spanish the moment their introductory phrases were heard. (Grew, 1977, pp.235).By comparing the French music and the Spanish or Gypsy music in Carmen, it is clear that the features of the characters in the opera are performed with the exotic music in order to depict their differences with the crowds. Because of the unique historical background of European at that time (19th century during World War I), the soldiers (Don Jose, the killer in the end) emotional feeling towards his country and his duty was completely twisted and false, that is the reason why the exotic theme of the opera is grasped, not only because of the different musical style, moreover, because of the unrealistic expectations towards a different world by w ay of changing ones own life (Parakilas, 1993, p.43-67).In conclusion, the musical styles in Carmen are diverse, with both national (French) and exotic (Spanish and Gypsy). It keeps the Spanish passion and simple, also combines the French grace and elegance. Even though the opera Carmen was created by Frenchmen and sang in French language, it gave us the Spanish lifestyle in its every second. This will thanks to the original writer Mrimes deep observation to Spain, and Bizet, our brilliant composers research to the Spanish music. The diversity and exoticism of the music in Carmen depicted us the real life at that time in a hopeful and bright way.